An Analysis of The Intentional Fallacy, by Wimsatt and...

In their essay, ‘The Intentional Fallacy’ (1946), William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe C. Beardsley, two of the most eminent figures of the New Criticism school of thought of Literary Criticism, argue that the ‘intention’ of the author is not a necessary factor in the reading of a text. During the time-period when they authored this essay, the commonly held notion amongst people was that â€Å"In order to judge the poet’s performance, we must know what he intended.†, and this notion led to what is termed the ‘Intentional fallacy’. However, Wimsatt and Beardsley argue that the intention, i.e., the design or plan in the author’s mind, of the author is neither available nor desirable for judging the success of a work of literary art. It†¦show more content†¦Apart from asserting the fact that the text in itself and not the authorial intention is the main factor in understanding a text, Wimsatt and Beardsley go on to state that â€Å"the poem is not the critic’s own and not the author’s. The poem belongs to the public.† Now, if the poet/ author’s intention is the yardstick of measuring and judging the poem/text, then that implies that the poem/text is the poet/author’s and, in turn, the critic’s who is judging the poet/author’s intention and how far it has become effective in the poem/text. Wimsatt and Beardsley counter this by saying that the text is separated from the author right from the moment of its birth. It has an existence of its own in the world and in a way that is beyond the power of the author to control or to even think of controlling- it exists so that its readers can read it and examine its value. The text is written using language which is a possession of the public and is about issues which can be easily related to by human beings who are objects of public knowledge. And, every reader applies his/her own method and knowledge of the lan guage and universal human values to assess the text they read; these methods and degree of knowledge are completely distinct from that of the author’s which constitutes the author’s intention. Thus, Wimsatt and Beardsley are not wrong inShow MoreRelatedRomantic Conception of Authorship2116 Words   |  8 Pagesauthor to write (Beardsley Wimsatt, 1972, p. 334). The notion of intention can be seen as the central of the studies of the Romantic conception of authorship as only author will understand why they intend to insert their experiences into their literary work. The intention is basically the reason that cause the authors to produce literary works. Intention has â€Å"corresponds to what he intended in a formula which more or less explicitly has had wide acceptance† (Beardsley Wimsatt, 1972, p. 334). Read MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 PagesMarx’s economic theories as such: we shall confine our discu ssion to their methodological premises and implications. It will in any case be obvious to the reader that the present writer upholds the validity of their content. Secondly, a detailed analysis of Rosa Luxemburg’s thought is necessary because its seminal discoveries no less than its errors have had a decisive influence on the theories of Marxists outside Russia, above all in Germany. To some extent this influence persists to this day. For

The Breast Vs. Bottle Debate - 1718 Words

The Breast vs. Bottle Debate Deciding whether to formula feed or breastfeed ones baby is one of the biggest and most crucial decisions expectant and new parents will make before giving birth. Organizations such as World Health Organizations (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and American Dietetic Association recommend breastfeeding as the best option for the newborn. Most of these organizations and other supporters of breastfeeding affirm that it defends the baby against infection, reduces the risks of certain chronic conditions and prevents allergies. To decide if you want to bottle-feed or breastfeed one needs to do some research on both methods of feeding. Breastfeeding provides the best nutrition for a baby, but formula feeding a newborn can also produce a highly healthy, happy child. The decision to breastfeed or bottle-feed is up to the mother, her comfort level, her ability to produce milk, as well as her religion or culture. According to Brown, Isaacs and Lechtenberg (2011), babies need to be fed on breast milk for the 6 months of life. Beyond this period, Clark (2008) encourages feeding on breast milk for no less than 12 months. Regardless of experts’ belief that breastfeeding is the suitable nutritional choice for babies; some women are not able to breastfeed. For several women, the choice to formula feed or breastfeed relies hugely on their level of comfort, medical considerations and lifestyles. InstantShow MoreRelatedDoe Assignment11278 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Breast Feeding Vs Bottle Feeding Controversy Jane Doe CHFD 308 American Public University Dr. John DoeBreast Feeding Vs Bottle Feeding Controversy This essay is about the breast feeding vs bottle feeding controversy. Are you depriving your infant of nutrients they need if you chose to bottle feed? Will your child be unhealthy if you chose not to breast feed? Some women feel like breast feeding is always better, some women feel like bottle feeding is just the same. Breast feeding is usuallyRead MoreBreast Feeding Vs. The Bottle1326 Words   |  6 PagesBreast-feeding vs. The Bottle: The Decision is yours â€Å"Some mothers have to give up breastfeeding even though they want to breastfeed. To give up breastfeeding can be a sensitive issue in a time when breastfeeding is promoted as the healthiest for mother and child† (Larsen Kronborg, 2013, p. 848). The debate over whether breast-feeding is better than bottle-feeding or vice versa has been a debate for many years. With more and more research that is continuously being developed, the option to breast-feedRead MoreInfant Nutrition: What is best for your baby - breast milk or formula?1795 Words   |  8 Pagesmake for your baby is whether to feed your baby breast milk or formula. Many women today are opting for formula, but what is the best choice? There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. You need to carefully weigh the pros and cons before you make your decision. There are very distinct nutritional differences between breast milk and formula. Nutritionally, breast milk is exactly what your baby needs. Breast milk will also help protect your baby from a largeRead MoreHealth Professionals Attitudes Towards The Promotion Of Breastfeeding1679 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessional’s opinion on breastfeeding matters to the new mother. Breastfeeding is the feeding of babies or young children with milk from a female breast. The international breastfeeding journal recognizes breastfeeding as a very important public health issue with gigantic social and economic implications. The journal also reports that infants who do not receive breast milk are likely to experience poorer health outcomes than breastfed infants and that mothers who do not breastfeed increase their own healthRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature And Nurture844 Words   |  4 Pagesongoing debate that is referred to as nature vs. nurture. It poses a question that many theorists have contested. Do human personalities and behaviors relate to our genetic makeup, or are we directly influenced by the environment and people that we are subjected to? What is more important, genes or environment? While some theorists take either one side over the other, some believe that both nature and nurture play an active role in human development. What is the nature side of the debate? NatureRead MoreBreast-Feeding Vs. Bottle Feeding Is A Very Important Decision1969 Words   |  8 PagesBreast-feeding vs. bottle feeding is a very important decision for new parents as well as a very hot topic of debate for most heath oriented communities. Most health, family and infant related communities and services such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, the World Health Organization, etc. support and promote breast-feeding infants. Their suggestion urges mothers to at least breastfeed for the first few days after giving birth even if they decide to bottle feedRead MoreLet’s Look At This Realistically: What to do about Bottled Water3022 Words   |  13 PagesDepending on the criteria used for evaluation, plastic water bottles can be seen in a largely positive or negative light. When looking at the problems with bottled water, we consider the environment, cost and health concerns that apply to bottle d water. On the other hand, plastic water bottles can be seen in a positive light when the nutritional value and convenience are measured. For these reasons, water bottles are a good thing but they don’t necessarily outweigh the negative effects of bottledRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1896 Words   |  8 Pagesviewed as different types of approaches which aim to look at how people develop. Theories such as Bowlby s attachment theory can explain how a child s development can be altered by their attachment, thus leading to the ideology of the nature vs nurture debate, nature referring to the process of biological maturation while nurture is referring to the influence of the environment or surroundings, which involves the idea that a person learns through experiences.(McLeod, S. A, 2012) The psychodynamicRead More Abortion is Morally Wrong Essay2169 Words   |  9 Pagescutting edge is inserted into the womb through the dilated cervix. The suction dismembers the body of the developing baby, tearing the placenta from the wall of the uterus, and sucking blood, amniotic fluids, placental tissue, and fetal parts into a bottle. Although it is one of the safer methods, there are still frequent complications such as infection and tearing of the uterus, causing hemorrhaging. Dilatation and Curettage (DC) is another surgical process involving the insertion of a loop shapedRead MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 Pageschildhood and four of adulthood. C. Renaissance 4. Debates about the relative roles of â€Å"nature† and â€Å"nurture† in human development date from ancient times, but they were especially prominent during the Renaissance. What do the terms â€Å"nature† (or nativism) and â€Å"nurture† (or nurturism) mean? What are the basic positions of persons on each side of the debate? Why is the debate today seen as based on a false dichotomy, so that instead of nurture vs. nurture, the term â€Å"gene-environment interaction@ is

Three men in a boat Free Essays

Harris. did not appear to have much sense of style, however, as evident from the loud blazer he had bought for the trip. did not like spending much thought on trivial matters as he remarked that ‘if anything was broken, it was broken. We will write a custom essay sample on Three men in a boat or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘ last one to offer to do anything that required physical labour. not very quick-witted and depended on the others to lead him. He loved laughing at others but did not enjoy it much when the Joke turned on him. keen to learn to play the Banjo, but he played quite badly and even turned a cheerful song into a mournful tune some knowledge of cooking, as can be seen by the fact that he made a healthy Irish Stew. The narrator, a happy-go-lucky young man like his two friends fond of animals, as seen in his interactions with cats and his dog, Montmorency. hypochondriac, imagining that he had all the imaginable diseases of the world, Just by reading about them. more sensible and practical than the other two and shows a knowledge and appreciation for the historical aspect of the English countryside. Like his friends, he too disliked hard work, and was convinced that he had been labouring the most while the other two lazed about. more romantic and imaginative soul, with his head often in the clouds, as he lost sight of the fact that he was steering time and again, while admiring the scenery. He was the most affected by the beauties of nature. In fact, he had turned down the inn at Datchet initially because it did not have honeysuckle growing over it and hence was not picturesque enough. keenest sense of aesthetics as he constantly critiques his friends’ choices of clothing. sense of humour and maintained a steady balance between the diverse personalities of George and Harns . A rather world-weary fox terrier, Montmorency was the narrator’s dog. When the narrator had found him, he had thought that he would not survive for too long but Montmorency had proved him wrong by not only surviving, but by turning out to be quite a high-spirited dog, killing chickens, chasing cats and fghting against other dogs. Montmorency had a tendency to get underfoot and be more ofa general hindrance than ot any help. He disrupts the packing in umpteen ways and gets proceeds to get two other dogs inside the house. ? His nature is marked by curiosity and a desire to help as seen by his attempt to hold the boiling kettle and the contribution of the dead rat respectively. Though he is quick to get into fghts with dogs, he is also quick to fall back when faced with more determined adversaries like cats. Character sketch of Jerome†¦.. a funny man†¦. thinking anything to be a Joke†¦. lives the life the way it takes it to†¦ no practical thinking.. ]ust tries to do everything the way he is asked†¦ has a dog.. he loves food and hates workJerome K. Jerome is like the Victorian Bill Bryson. Three Men in a Boat is not a bad travelogueis thus confused by his symptoms that he refers to a medical book and happens to misconceive that he possesses virtually each doable ailment recorded in there. Character sketch of George – George was a bank clerk (who ‘goes to sleep at a bank from ten to four each day, except Saturdays, when they wake him up and put him outside at two and was living in a back room of the same house. The landlady suggested that, to save money, the two might share a room. They ‘chummed ‘ together for some years – both shared love of the theatre -and a life-long friendship was formed. George, who remained a bachelor, rose to become manager of Barclays Bank in the Strand and outlived. Character sketch of Harris – Harris is a vain fellow who pretends to be extremely hard working but usually pushes off the burden on other people. he is outspoken and does not hesitate to tell his friends what he thinks about them even if it may not be pleasant. for example he outwardly tells george that his new blazer is utterly revolting and that he must not wear it around them (harris and J). en harris takes on a Job he makes a huge fuss out of it like the narator;s uncle podger. it may not be anything majorly important but if harris is going to do it the world would know about it. he also thinks very highly of himself and his voice though his friends do not want him to even attempt singing. he is extremely fascinated by tombs and graveyards muc h to J ‘s dislike. he is also quite short tempered and it is best to let him rant off his anger rather than try and talk to him about it. he wouldn t mind a drink at any time of the day and enjoys the company of his friends . How to cite Three men in a boat, Papers Three Men in a Boat Free Essays Question 2: Answer the following questions briefly. (i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India? (ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate? (iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why? (iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar Coast? (v) What are jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India? (vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by â€Å"break† in monsoon? (vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond? * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  The controls affecting the climate of India are: latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Men in a Boat or any similar topic only for you Order Now (ii)  The climate of India is strongly influenced by monsoon winds. Hence, it has a monsoon type of climate. (iii)  The north-western part of India comprising the Indian Desert experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature. This is because of the fact that sand (found in ample quantity in this region) gains and loses heat very quickly. As a result of this phenomenon, there is a wide difference between day and night temperatures in this region. The day temperature may rise to 50 °C and drop down to near 15 °C the same night. (iv)  The south-west monsoon winds are responsible for rainfall along the Malabar Coast. (v)  Jet streams are a narrow belt of high-altitude winds in the troposphere. The sub-tropical westerly jet stream blowing south of the Himalayas are responsible for the western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country during the winter months. The sub-tropical easterly jet stream blowing over peninsular India is responsible for the tropical cyclones that affect the eastern coastal regions of India during the monsoon as well as during the October to November period. (vi)  Monsoon refers to the complete reversal of winds over a large area leading to a change of seasons. â€Å"Break† in monsoon refers to the wet and dry spells of the monsoon. In other words, the monsoon rains take place for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. vii)  Despite variations in temperature conditions across India, a sense of unity is imposed by the monsoon. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons that binds the entire country. Question 3: Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India? * ——————————————†”—- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share The amount of rainfall decreases from east to west in Northern India because of the progressive decrease in the humidity of the winds. As the moisture-bearing winds of the Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon move further and further inland, they exhaust most of the moisture they carry along with them. This consequently leads to a gradual decrease in the amount of rainfall from east to west. Question 4: Give reasons as to why. (i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent? (ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months. iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall. (iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones. (v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone. * ————————————————- Answer * —————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  The seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent is the result of the Coriolis force. It is an apparent force caused by the Earth’s rotation. The Coriolois force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. (ii)  The rainfall received by India is largely due to the south-west monsoon winds. The duration of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days. Hence, the bulk of rainfall received by the country is  concentrated over a few months. (iii)  During the winter season, north-east trade winds prevail over India. They blow from land to sea and hence, for most part of the country, it is a dry season. However, the Tamil Nadu Coast receives winter rainfall due to these winds. This is because in this region these winds blow from sea to land, thereby carrying moisture along with them. (iv)  The delta region of the eastern coast of India is frequently struck by cyclones. This is because the cyclonic depressions that originate over the Andaman Sea are brought in by the sub-tropical easterly jet stream blowing over peninsular India during the monsoon as well as during the October to November period. v)  Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone because of the scanty rainfall received by these regions during the monsoon rains. The progressive decrease in the humidity of the winds of the Bay of Bengal branch causes the amount of rainfall to decrease from east to west in northern India. As the leeward side is the rain-shadow area, the regions lying in this region receive very little rain from the Arabian Sea branch. It is the windward side of the Ghats that receives the maximum rain. Climate (Social Science)| Close X   | Exercise  Ã‚  Ã‚ «Prev  Page 40  Next »| | Q5  Q6  Q7  Q8| Question 8: Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India. * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share Characteristics of monsoon rainfall in India: (i) The duration of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days from early June to mid-September. (ii) Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues for several days. This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon. (iii) The monsoon has characteristic wet and dry spells or ‘breaks’ in rainfall. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. (iv) The moisture is carried by pulsating south westerlies that are affected by different atmospheric conditions, thereby giving monsoon rains an uncertain character. The annual rainfall is highly variable from year to year (v) The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the Indian landscape. Parts of the western coast and north-eastern India receive the maximum rainfall. Regions such as parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Leh and the leeward side of the Western Ghats receive very little rainfall. Effects of monsoon rainfall in India: (a) Indian agriculture is largely dependent upon the water from the monsoon rains. Late, low or excessive rains have a negative impact upon crops. (b) Due to the uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are some regions that are drought prone and some that are flood afflicted. c) The monsoon provides India with a distinct climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its people. Question 3: (i) Name two rainiest stations. (ii) Name two driest stations. (iii) Two stations with most equable climate. (iv) Two stations with most extreme climate. (v) Two stations most influenced by the Arabian branch of southwest monsoons. (vi) Two stations most influence d by the Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoons. vii) Two stations influenced by both branches of the south-west monsoons (viii) Two stations influenced by retreating and north-east monsoons. (ix) Two stations receiving winter showers from the western disturbances. (x) The two hottest stations in the months of (a) February (b) April (c) May (d) June * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  Two rainiest stations: Shillong and Mumbai (ii)  Two driest stations: Leh and Jodhpur iii)  Two stations with most equable climate: Bangalore and Tiruvanantapuram (iv)  Two stations with most extreme climate : Leh and Jodhpur (v)  Two stations most influenced by the Arabian branch of southwest monsoons: Tiruvanatapuram and Mumbai (vi)  Two stations most influenced by the Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoons: Shillong and Kolkata (vii)  Two stations influenced by both branches of the south-west monsoons: Delhi and Kolkata (viii)  Two stations influenced by retreating and north-east monsoons: Chennai and Bangalore (ix)  Two stations receiving winter showers from the western disturbances: Jodhpur and Delhi (x)  The two hottest stations  ? (a)  In the month February: Tiruvanatapuram and Chennai (b)  In the month April: Nagpur and Kolkata (c)  In the month of May: Nagpur and Jodhpur (d)  In the month of June: Jodhpur and Delhi How to cite Three Men in a Boat, Essay examples

Group1 1 Essay Example For Students

Group1 1 Essay OUR FOOD SYSTEMAfter a long hard day of work you sit down in your comfortable recliner and open up your favorite snack. But when you reach into grab a piece, you pull out a dead bug. Suddenly many thoughts come into your mind, you wonder how did the bug get there and was it dead or alive. Is it harmful or carry a disease. You ask yourself did the bug come from the United States or another country and where was your snack made? As all these questions come into your head, you wonder who can give you the answers. Fortunately, the government thought about these conflicts and established several governmental agencies to protect Americans in food safety. These agencies are responsible for inspecting, labeling, marketing, and developing modern safety systems to test foods for diseases and bacteria. They also work with the local and state governmental agencies, farmers, and companies to ensure cleaner air, safer food, and pure water to protect the health and safety of Americans. The following agencies; Center for Disease Control (CDC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are the most significant federal agencies to help consumers make better choices in the products they buy. All of them have a particular role in food safety, and by working together they make the foods we buy safer for consumption. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is a government agency that was formed in 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln. The purpose of forming the agency was to promote the rise of commercial farming. Many other Acts dealing with agriculture were drawn up over the years and eventually in 1939 the New Department of Agriculture was formed. President Franklin D. Roosevelt pushed the reform of the department through because of the Great Depression was having such a great effect on the farming industry. The new Department was formed from all of the Acts and old organizations within the Department and from the exit of a few agencies out of the Department. The United States Department of Agriculture in which we look at today has grown and evolved into a much more direct and consumer friendly government agency. The duties of the USDA is to research, regulate, and educate. The U.S. is always researching new farming techniques and different farming products that are involved in the whole process. They also regulate all farming products, to make sure that they are safe for the consumption by you and I.There are thousands of inspectors across the U.S. regulating the farms and factories in which the food is sold to. Another duty of the USDA is to educate and inform the public of food safety. Because of the scares of improperly prepared food, the USDA must inform the public of different diseases that can be found in foods, especially meat and poultry supplies. They ensure that the food is safe, wholesome, unadulterated, and properly labeled and packaged. The way in which they do so is hire thousands of inspectors and veterinarians conduct sla ughterhouse inspections of all carcasses for diseases and other abnormalities. They also conduct processing inspections at plants to ensure proper sanitation and cleanliness. The USDA must also look at the imported food products because of the import-export inspection system. The U.S. has one of, if not the safest food production in the world, so we must regulate everything that comes into the country. Just recently, there was a great example of how great our government is, even with the many shortcomings. President Clinton promised great changes in the inspection Group 1 2process of the nations meat and poultry. On October 7, 1997 President Clinton and Congress passed a bill calling for the increase in meat and poultry inspections and production. This was caused by the big scare this past summer, the outbreak of E coli bacteria in millions of hamburger meat, in a couple of fast-food chains. The inspection process will increase gradually over the next few years. Even though the inspection process has greatly improved, this still does not make it 100% guaranteed that there will not be small cases of outbreaks. The USDA urges you to make sure you properly cook your food, so that the chances decline. The USDA has a great importance in consumer services. The U.S. government wants to look out for everyone across the U.S., the USDA started a Food and Consumer Services (FCS) program. Their purpose is to assist people across the country to ensure that no one will experience or fear hunger. They provide a safety net for people in need. Some of the programs are as followed: Food Stamp Program, Food Distributions for Indians, Supplement Food Programs for women, infants, and children, and School Breakfast Programs. The USDA serves many different purposes, most importantly regulation and education of food safety. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a branch of the Department of Health and Human Services that deal with food borne diseases. Today food-borne illnesses are getting a lot of press. Every second of every day someone is struck with food poisoning and 33 million suffer each year. There are also approximately 9,000 reported deaths a year. This is because of the unsafe food handling that seems to be becoming an epidemic. There are many different types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are either originally found in the food or they are transferred from an outside source, such as who the food was prepared by, that causes the illness (Wardlaw). When a person comes down with an illness that may have been linked to the food they have previously eaten, the CDC deals with the difficult detection of the microbe that may be involved. Looking at the source of the food, time when the symptoms arrived, and how long the illness lasted usually helps to identify the microbe involved. The following information shows some of the characteristics of the major organisms that cause food-borne illnesses. The most commonly found organism to cause food poisoning is salmonella. Salmonella can be spread through three common routes: (1) contaminated eggs and egg products as well as raw meats and chicken, (2) infected food handlers with feces-contaminated hands, and (3) marijuana contaminated with salmonella. The onset of symptoms develop from 5 to 72 hours after ingestion. Salmonella can cause nausea, fever, headache, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting. It rarely kills, but the elderly and young are those most at risk. Salmonella is usually treated symptomatically and can be prevented through safe food handling, through cooking of foods, proper refrigeration, and avoiding cross contamination (Marieb). The next most prevalent food-borne illness causing bacteria is staphylococcus. Staph. Can usually be found in nasal passages as well as in skin sores. It can be spread when someone sneezes or coughs over food or handles food while they have open sores on the skin. The toxin that is produced by the organism can develop when the food is left out for a long time at room temperature. The onset of the Staph. Illness occurs 2-6 hours after eating. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal cramps that Group1 3last 24-36 hours and also is rarely fatal. Safe food handling, proper food refrigeration and keeping cuts on the skin covered are all good ways of preventing Staph. Infections (Marieb). Illiad EssayImmediately after collecting his data, Wiley let his information be known to the U.S. public, but he was unable to gain widespread support until 1906. Backed by a huge following of irate citizens, the Food and Drugs Act of 1906 was passed. The first act was rather simple-it stated that government has right to control local food and drug traffic that the federal government could not previously control. For 32 years the FDA quietly protected the U.S. consumers, and maintained purity in Americas products. However, they thought that they need more authority than they had. In1938 the Federal, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was passed. Under this act, the FDA no longer had to prove knowledge of intent in adulteration cases. Many argued that this gave the FDA complete tyranny. The main duties created by this act are to see that the food we eat is safe and wholesome, the cosmetics we use do not hurt us, medicines are safe and effective. The FDA also protects the countrys blood supply by routinely examining blood banks (1). Also, it ensures that products are labeled truthfully, and with useful information. Along with people, the FDA also regulates food and drugs for pets and farm animals. The FDA consists of 1100 investigators who cover the nations 95,000 FDA-regulated businesses. These inspectors visit about 15,000 facilities per year. Also, they inspect about 80,000 domestic and imported samples for examination by FDA scientists (1). If a company has violated any of the FDAs laws, this company maybe encouraged to correct the problem or recall it from the market. If the company does not cooperate and correct the problem, the FDA can bring them to court and force them to stop selling the product and to have already produced items destroyed. About 3000 items per year are found to be unfit for consumers (1). The FDA is not responsible for doing research when approving new drugs; however, it does study the results done by the manufacturer. Once the drugs have been approved for marketing, the FDA must still collect tens of thousands of reports on that drug each year to monitor for any adverse reactions (1). The Food and Drug Administration is a very controversial department in the U.S. It has been jeered for having too much power and even tyranny. However, if it was not created, we would not know what was in our food and drugs. Overall, the FDA plays a very important and helpful role in our society today, by making our products safe for consumption. Although these agencies serve different departments, their number one purpose is to provide food safety to all Americans and therefore, they must work together at Group 1 6different points in times to meet this very significant goal. One instance in which the FDA, CDC, EPA, and USDA have joined together is the issue of the safety of fruit. Since fruit is usually grown outside on farms it serves the chances of people catching a disease from eating it. For the past several years many illnesses have occurred because of produce. These illnesses include Hepatitis A virus believed to have come from strawberries in Mexico, salmonella in bean sprouts from the Midwest, and Escherichia Coli associated with hamburgers not fully cooked. A few months ago the EPA warned people of Cyclospora, an infection caused from fruits and vegetables. The FDA and the CDC worked together with growers to improve sanitation practices on the farms in Guatemala, while the EPA held a meeting to find more information on cyclospora. The CDC also found the number of Americans becoming ill and gave a report on how to decrease the contamination of fruits (Washington Post, 7/8/97). Another instance in which the EPA, USDA, and the FDA worked together was with the discovery of toxic dioxin found in Tyson Chickens. The chicken was sampled and tested by the USDA and the EPA for dioxin levels, chicken litter, soil, feed, and pesticide use at the Hill Top Farms in Star City (Arkansas Business, 6/16/97). Since the FDA is responsible for the safety of the nations food supply and overlooks all aspects, it often works with the other three federal agencies individually to ensure safety to American consumers. The FDA often communicates with the CDC since foods tend to become contaminated with diseases and make Americans ill. The FDA also works with the CDC in such cases of how to fight germs in soaps, deodorants, toothpaste, and toys using germicidal product, in which both germs and the products can be harmful to the consumer (Orange County Register, 7/16/97). The FDA and the USDA both have the power to inspect, impose grades and standards, and establish rules regarding labeling. In years before the food manufacturers did not want to put nutrition labels on foods because they felt it would take a lot of work, time, and difficulty, but the real reason was it would make consumers aware of substitutes and contents in the foods. The response after labeling was low fat and low sodium foods. Therefore because of the Nutrition and Labeling Act of 1990, which standardized food labels with ingredients, descriptions, and nutrient contents the USDA and the FDA research has shown that Americans are more aware of food contents and ingredients to better their health. The FDA also enforces laws over the EPA in determining the safety of pesticide products and setting tolerance levels for pesticide residues in foods. The FDA also sets guidelines regulating bottled water sold in interstate commerce for human use. The President signed a Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 in August of 1996, which regulated pesticides by the FDA and the EPA to put important public health protection in place, especially for children. The EPA works with the USDA, due to the crops that need to be protected by sprays to prevent them from dying and causing disease. In 1994, the EPA has suggested banning aerial spraying of certain types of herbicides because they were believed to damage crops at a Shoreliani organic vegetable farm and can be hazardous to humans. The USDA recommended the suspended aerial applications of the herbicides until they Group 1 7determined what had happened at Shoreliani. Currently the farm has been closed down so that the EPA may test to see what exactly may be dangerous to the plants (Times-Argus 7/20/97). The CDC will sometimes function with the EPA to study environmental health problems since most diseases can come from the environment, water, and pesticides. The CDC helps to direct and enforce national programs for the prevention and control of diseases transmitted by a host organism.