An Analysis of The Intentional Fallacy, by Wimsatt and...

In their essay, ‘The Intentional Fallacy’ (1946), William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe C. Beardsley, two of the most eminent figures of the New Criticism school of thought of Literary Criticism, argue that the ‘intention’ of the author is not a necessary factor in the reading of a text. During the time-period when they authored this essay, the commonly held notion amongst people was that â€Å"In order to judge the poet’s performance, we must know what he intended.†, and this notion led to what is termed the ‘Intentional fallacy’. However, Wimsatt and Beardsley argue that the intention, i.e., the design or plan in the author’s mind, of the author is neither available nor desirable for judging the success of a work of literary art. It†¦show more content†¦Apart from asserting the fact that the text in itself and not the authorial intention is the main factor in understanding a text, Wimsatt and Beardsley go on to state that â€Å"the poem is not the critic’s own and not the author’s. The poem belongs to the public.† Now, if the poet/ author’s intention is the yardstick of measuring and judging the poem/text, then that implies that the poem/text is the poet/author’s and, in turn, the critic’s who is judging the poet/author’s intention and how far it has become effective in the poem/text. Wimsatt and Beardsley counter this by saying that the text is separated from the author right from the moment of its birth. It has an existence of its own in the world and in a way that is beyond the power of the author to control or to even think of controlling- it exists so that its readers can read it and examine its value. The text is written using language which is a possession of the public and is about issues which can be easily related to by human beings who are objects of public knowledge. And, every reader applies his/her own method and knowledge of the lan guage and universal human values to assess the text they read; these methods and degree of knowledge are completely distinct from that of the author’s which constitutes the author’s intention. Thus, Wimsatt and Beardsley are not wrong inShow MoreRelatedRomantic Conception of Authorship2116 Words   |  8 Pagesauthor to write (Beardsley Wimsatt, 1972, p. 334). The notion of intention can be seen as the central of the studies of the Romantic conception of authorship as only author will understand why they intend to insert their experiences into their literary work. The intention is basically the reason that cause the authors to produce literary works. Intention has â€Å"corresponds to what he intended in a formula which more or less explicitly has had wide acceptance† (Beardsley Wimsatt, 1972, p. 334). Read MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 PagesMarx’s economic theories as such: we shall confine our discu ssion to their methodological premises and implications. It will in any case be obvious to the reader that the present writer upholds the validity of their content. Secondly, a detailed analysis of Rosa Luxemburg’s thought is necessary because its seminal discoveries no less than its errors have had a decisive influence on the theories of Marxists outside Russia, above all in Germany. To some extent this influence persists to this day. For

The Breast Vs. Bottle Debate - 1718 Words

The Breast vs. Bottle Debate Deciding whether to formula feed or breastfeed ones baby is one of the biggest and most crucial decisions expectant and new parents will make before giving birth. Organizations such as World Health Organizations (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and American Dietetic Association recommend breastfeeding as the best option for the newborn. Most of these organizations and other supporters of breastfeeding affirm that it defends the baby against infection, reduces the risks of certain chronic conditions and prevents allergies. To decide if you want to bottle-feed or breastfeed one needs to do some research on both methods of feeding. Breastfeeding provides the best nutrition for a baby, but formula feeding a newborn can also produce a highly healthy, happy child. The decision to breastfeed or bottle-feed is up to the mother, her comfort level, her ability to produce milk, as well as her religion or culture. According to Brown, Isaacs and Lechtenberg (2011), babies need to be fed on breast milk for the 6 months of life. Beyond this period, Clark (2008) encourages feeding on breast milk for no less than 12 months. Regardless of experts’ belief that breastfeeding is the suitable nutritional choice for babies; some women are not able to breastfeed. For several women, the choice to formula feed or breastfeed relies hugely on their level of comfort, medical considerations and lifestyles. InstantShow MoreRelatedDoe Assignment11278 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Breast Feeding Vs Bottle Feeding Controversy Jane Doe CHFD 308 American Public University Dr. John DoeBreast Feeding Vs Bottle Feeding Controversy This essay is about the breast feeding vs bottle feeding controversy. Are you depriving your infant of nutrients they need if you chose to bottle feed? Will your child be unhealthy if you chose not to breast feed? Some women feel like breast feeding is always better, some women feel like bottle feeding is just the same. Breast feeding is usuallyRead MoreBreast Feeding Vs. The Bottle1326 Words   |  6 PagesBreast-feeding vs. The Bottle: The Decision is yours â€Å"Some mothers have to give up breastfeeding even though they want to breastfeed. To give up breastfeeding can be a sensitive issue in a time when breastfeeding is promoted as the healthiest for mother and child† (Larsen Kronborg, 2013, p. 848). The debate over whether breast-feeding is better than bottle-feeding or vice versa has been a debate for many years. With more and more research that is continuously being developed, the option to breast-feedRead MoreInfant Nutrition: What is best for your baby - breast milk or formula?1795 Words   |  8 Pagesmake for your baby is whether to feed your baby breast milk or formula. Many women today are opting for formula, but what is the best choice? There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. You need to carefully weigh the pros and cons before you make your decision. There are very distinct nutritional differences between breast milk and formula. Nutritionally, breast milk is exactly what your baby needs. Breast milk will also help protect your baby from a largeRead MoreHealth Professionals Attitudes Towards The Promotion Of Breastfeeding1679 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessional’s opinion on breastfeeding matters to the new mother. Breastfeeding is the feeding of babies or young children with milk from a female breast. The international breastfeeding journal recognizes breastfeeding as a very important public health issue with gigantic social and economic implications. The journal also reports that infants who do not receive breast milk are likely to experience poorer health outcomes than breastfed infants and that mothers who do not breastfeed increase their own healthRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature And Nurture844 Words   |  4 Pagesongoing debate that is referred to as nature vs. nurture. It poses a question that many theorists have contested. Do human personalities and behaviors relate to our genetic makeup, or are we directly influenced by the environment and people that we are subjected to? What is more important, genes or environment? While some theorists take either one side over the other, some believe that both nature and nurture play an active role in human development. What is the nature side of the debate? NatureRead MoreBreast-Feeding Vs. Bottle Feeding Is A Very Important Decision1969 Words   |  8 PagesBreast-feeding vs. bottle feeding is a very important decision for new parents as well as a very hot topic of debate for most heath oriented communities. Most health, family and infant related communities and services such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, the World Health Organization, etc. support and promote breast-feeding infants. Their suggestion urges mothers to at least breastfeed for the first few days after giving birth even if they decide to bottle feedRead MoreLet’s Look At This Realistically: What to do about Bottled Water3022 Words   |  13 PagesDepending on the criteria used for evaluation, plastic water bottles can be seen in a largely positive or negative light. When looking at the problems with bottled water, we consider the environment, cost and health concerns that apply to bottle d water. On the other hand, plastic water bottles can be seen in a positive light when the nutritional value and convenience are measured. For these reasons, water bottles are a good thing but they don’t necessarily outweigh the negative effects of bottledRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1896 Words   |  8 Pagesviewed as different types of approaches which aim to look at how people develop. Theories such as Bowlby s attachment theory can explain how a child s development can be altered by their attachment, thus leading to the ideology of the nature vs nurture debate, nature referring to the process of biological maturation while nurture is referring to the influence of the environment or surroundings, which involves the idea that a person learns through experiences.(McLeod, S. A, 2012) The psychodynamicRead More Abortion is Morally Wrong Essay2169 Words   |  9 Pagescutting edge is inserted into the womb through the dilated cervix. The suction dismembers the body of the developing baby, tearing the placenta from the wall of the uterus, and sucking blood, amniotic fluids, placental tissue, and fetal parts into a bottle. Although it is one of the safer methods, there are still frequent complications such as infection and tearing of the uterus, causing hemorrhaging. Dilatation and Curettage (DC) is another surgical process involving the insertion of a loop shapedRead MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 Pageschildhood and four of adulthood. C. Renaissance 4. Debates about the relative roles of â€Å"nature† and â€Å"nurture† in human development date from ancient times, but they were especially prominent during the Renaissance. What do the terms â€Å"nature† (or nativism) and â€Å"nurture† (or nurturism) mean? What are the basic positions of persons on each side of the debate? Why is the debate today seen as based on a false dichotomy, so that instead of nurture vs. nurture, the term â€Å"gene-environment interaction@ is

Three men in a boat Free Essays

Harris. did not appear to have much sense of style, however, as evident from the loud blazer he had bought for the trip. did not like spending much thought on trivial matters as he remarked that ‘if anything was broken, it was broken. We will write a custom essay sample on Three men in a boat or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘ last one to offer to do anything that required physical labour. not very quick-witted and depended on the others to lead him. He loved laughing at others but did not enjoy it much when the Joke turned on him. keen to learn to play the Banjo, but he played quite badly and even turned a cheerful song into a mournful tune some knowledge of cooking, as can be seen by the fact that he made a healthy Irish Stew. The narrator, a happy-go-lucky young man like his two friends fond of animals, as seen in his interactions with cats and his dog, Montmorency. hypochondriac, imagining that he had all the imaginable diseases of the world, Just by reading about them. more sensible and practical than the other two and shows a knowledge and appreciation for the historical aspect of the English countryside. Like his friends, he too disliked hard work, and was convinced that he had been labouring the most while the other two lazed about. more romantic and imaginative soul, with his head often in the clouds, as he lost sight of the fact that he was steering time and again, while admiring the scenery. He was the most affected by the beauties of nature. In fact, he had turned down the inn at Datchet initially because it did not have honeysuckle growing over it and hence was not picturesque enough. keenest sense of aesthetics as he constantly critiques his friends’ choices of clothing. sense of humour and maintained a steady balance between the diverse personalities of George and Harns . A rather world-weary fox terrier, Montmorency was the narrator’s dog. When the narrator had found him, he had thought that he would not survive for too long but Montmorency had proved him wrong by not only surviving, but by turning out to be quite a high-spirited dog, killing chickens, chasing cats and fghting against other dogs. Montmorency had a tendency to get underfoot and be more ofa general hindrance than ot any help. He disrupts the packing in umpteen ways and gets proceeds to get two other dogs inside the house. ? His nature is marked by curiosity and a desire to help as seen by his attempt to hold the boiling kettle and the contribution of the dead rat respectively. Though he is quick to get into fghts with dogs, he is also quick to fall back when faced with more determined adversaries like cats. Character sketch of Jerome†¦.. a funny man†¦. thinking anything to be a Joke†¦. lives the life the way it takes it to†¦ no practical thinking.. ]ust tries to do everything the way he is asked†¦ has a dog.. he loves food and hates workJerome K. Jerome is like the Victorian Bill Bryson. Three Men in a Boat is not a bad travelogueis thus confused by his symptoms that he refers to a medical book and happens to misconceive that he possesses virtually each doable ailment recorded in there. Character sketch of George – George was a bank clerk (who ‘goes to sleep at a bank from ten to four each day, except Saturdays, when they wake him up and put him outside at two and was living in a back room of the same house. The landlady suggested that, to save money, the two might share a room. They ‘chummed ‘ together for some years – both shared love of the theatre -and a life-long friendship was formed. George, who remained a bachelor, rose to become manager of Barclays Bank in the Strand and outlived. Character sketch of Harris – Harris is a vain fellow who pretends to be extremely hard working but usually pushes off the burden on other people. he is outspoken and does not hesitate to tell his friends what he thinks about them even if it may not be pleasant. for example he outwardly tells george that his new blazer is utterly revolting and that he must not wear it around them (harris and J). en harris takes on a Job he makes a huge fuss out of it like the narator;s uncle podger. it may not be anything majorly important but if harris is going to do it the world would know about it. he also thinks very highly of himself and his voice though his friends do not want him to even attempt singing. he is extremely fascinated by tombs and graveyards muc h to J ‘s dislike. he is also quite short tempered and it is best to let him rant off his anger rather than try and talk to him about it. he wouldn t mind a drink at any time of the day and enjoys the company of his friends . How to cite Three men in a boat, Papers Three Men in a Boat Free Essays Question 2: Answer the following questions briefly. (i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India? (ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate? (iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why? (iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar Coast? (v) What are jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India? (vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by â€Å"break† in monsoon? (vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond? * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  The controls affecting the climate of India are: latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Men in a Boat or any similar topic only for you Order Now (ii)  The climate of India is strongly influenced by monsoon winds. Hence, it has a monsoon type of climate. (iii)  The north-western part of India comprising the Indian Desert experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature. This is because of the fact that sand (found in ample quantity in this region) gains and loses heat very quickly. As a result of this phenomenon, there is a wide difference between day and night temperatures in this region. The day temperature may rise to 50 °C and drop down to near 15 °C the same night. (iv)  The south-west monsoon winds are responsible for rainfall along the Malabar Coast. (v)  Jet streams are a narrow belt of high-altitude winds in the troposphere. The sub-tropical westerly jet stream blowing south of the Himalayas are responsible for the western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country during the winter months. The sub-tropical easterly jet stream blowing over peninsular India is responsible for the tropical cyclones that affect the eastern coastal regions of India during the monsoon as well as during the October to November period. (vi)  Monsoon refers to the complete reversal of winds over a large area leading to a change of seasons. â€Å"Break† in monsoon refers to the wet and dry spells of the monsoon. In other words, the monsoon rains take place for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. vii)  Despite variations in temperature conditions across India, a sense of unity is imposed by the monsoon. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons that binds the entire country. Question 3: Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India? * ——————————————†”—- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share The amount of rainfall decreases from east to west in Northern India because of the progressive decrease in the humidity of the winds. As the moisture-bearing winds of the Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon move further and further inland, they exhaust most of the moisture they carry along with them. This consequently leads to a gradual decrease in the amount of rainfall from east to west. Question 4: Give reasons as to why. (i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent? (ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months. iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall. (iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones. (v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone. * ————————————————- Answer * —————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  The seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent is the result of the Coriolis force. It is an apparent force caused by the Earth’s rotation. The Coriolois force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. (ii)  The rainfall received by India is largely due to the south-west monsoon winds. The duration of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days. Hence, the bulk of rainfall received by the country is  concentrated over a few months. (iii)  During the winter season, north-east trade winds prevail over India. They blow from land to sea and hence, for most part of the country, it is a dry season. However, the Tamil Nadu Coast receives winter rainfall due to these winds. This is because in this region these winds blow from sea to land, thereby carrying moisture along with them. (iv)  The delta region of the eastern coast of India is frequently struck by cyclones. This is because the cyclonic depressions that originate over the Andaman Sea are brought in by the sub-tropical easterly jet stream blowing over peninsular India during the monsoon as well as during the October to November period. v)  Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone because of the scanty rainfall received by these regions during the monsoon rains. The progressive decrease in the humidity of the winds of the Bay of Bengal branch causes the amount of rainfall to decrease from east to west in northern India. As the leeward side is the rain-shadow area, the regions lying in this region receive very little rain from the Arabian Sea branch. It is the windward side of the Ghats that receives the maximum rain. Climate (Social Science)| Close X   | Exercise  Ã‚  Ã‚ «Prev  Page 40  Next »| | Q5  Q6  Q7  Q8| Question 8: Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India. * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share Characteristics of monsoon rainfall in India: (i) The duration of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days from early June to mid-September. (ii) Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues for several days. This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon. (iii) The monsoon has characteristic wet and dry spells or ‘breaks’ in rainfall. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. (iv) The moisture is carried by pulsating south westerlies that are affected by different atmospheric conditions, thereby giving monsoon rains an uncertain character. The annual rainfall is highly variable from year to year (v) The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the Indian landscape. Parts of the western coast and north-eastern India receive the maximum rainfall. Regions such as parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Leh and the leeward side of the Western Ghats receive very little rainfall. Effects of monsoon rainfall in India: (a) Indian agriculture is largely dependent upon the water from the monsoon rains. Late, low or excessive rains have a negative impact upon crops. (b) Due to the uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are some regions that are drought prone and some that are flood afflicted. c) The monsoon provides India with a distinct climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its people. Question 3: (i) Name two rainiest stations. (ii) Name two driest stations. (iii) Two stations with most equable climate. (iv) Two stations with most extreme climate. (v) Two stations most influenced by the Arabian branch of southwest monsoons. (vi) Two stations most influence d by the Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoons. vii) Two stations influenced by both branches of the south-west monsoons (viii) Two stations influenced by retreating and north-east monsoons. (ix) Two stations receiving winter showers from the western disturbances. (x) The two hottest stations in the months of (a) February (b) April (c) May (d) June * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  Two rainiest stations: Shillong and Mumbai (ii)  Two driest stations: Leh and Jodhpur iii)  Two stations with most equable climate: Bangalore and Tiruvanantapuram (iv)  Two stations with most extreme climate : Leh and Jodhpur (v)  Two stations most influenced by the Arabian branch of southwest monsoons: Tiruvanatapuram and Mumbai (vi)  Two stations most influenced by the Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoons: Shillong and Kolkata (vii)  Two stations influenced by both branches of the south-west monsoons: Delhi and Kolkata (viii)  Two stations influenced by retreating and north-east monsoons: Chennai and Bangalore (ix)  Two stations receiving winter showers from the western disturbances: Jodhpur and Delhi (x)  The two hottest stations  ? (a)  In the month February: Tiruvanatapuram and Chennai (b)  In the month April: Nagpur and Kolkata (c)  In the month of May: Nagpur and Jodhpur (d)  In the month of June: Jodhpur and Delhi How to cite Three Men in a Boat, Essay examples

Group1 1 Essay Example For Students

Group1 1 Essay OUR FOOD SYSTEMAfter a long hard day of work you sit down in your comfortable recliner and open up your favorite snack. But when you reach into grab a piece, you pull out a dead bug. Suddenly many thoughts come into your mind, you wonder how did the bug get there and was it dead or alive. Is it harmful or carry a disease. You ask yourself did the bug come from the United States or another country and where was your snack made? As all these questions come into your head, you wonder who can give you the answers. Fortunately, the government thought about these conflicts and established several governmental agencies to protect Americans in food safety. These agencies are responsible for inspecting, labeling, marketing, and developing modern safety systems to test foods for diseases and bacteria. They also work with the local and state governmental agencies, farmers, and companies to ensure cleaner air, safer food, and pure water to protect the health and safety of Americans. The following agencies; Center for Disease Control (CDC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are the most significant federal agencies to help consumers make better choices in the products they buy. All of them have a particular role in food safety, and by working together they make the foods we buy safer for consumption. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is a government agency that was formed in 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln. The purpose of forming the agency was to promote the rise of commercial farming. Many other Acts dealing with agriculture were drawn up over the years and eventually in 1939 the New Department of Agriculture was formed. President Franklin D. Roosevelt pushed the reform of the department through because of the Great Depression was having such a great effect on the farming industry. The new Department was formed from all of the Acts and old organizations within the Department and from the exit of a few agencies out of the Department. The United States Department of Agriculture in which we look at today has grown and evolved into a much more direct and consumer friendly government agency. The duties of the USDA is to research, regulate, and educate. The U.S. is always researching new farming techniques and different farming products that are involved in the whole process. They also regulate all farming products, to make sure that they are safe for the consumption by you and I.There are thousands of inspectors across the U.S. regulating the farms and factories in which the food is sold to. Another duty of the USDA is to educate and inform the public of food safety. Because of the scares of improperly prepared food, the USDA must inform the public of different diseases that can be found in foods, especially meat and poultry supplies. They ensure that the food is safe, wholesome, unadulterated, and properly labeled and packaged. The way in which they do so is hire thousands of inspectors and veterinarians conduct sla ughterhouse inspections of all carcasses for diseases and other abnormalities. They also conduct processing inspections at plants to ensure proper sanitation and cleanliness. The USDA must also look at the imported food products because of the import-export inspection system. The U.S. has one of, if not the safest food production in the world, so we must regulate everything that comes into the country. Just recently, there was a great example of how great our government is, even with the many shortcomings. President Clinton promised great changes in the inspection Group 1 2process of the nations meat and poultry. On October 7, 1997 President Clinton and Congress passed a bill calling for the increase in meat and poultry inspections and production. This was caused by the big scare this past summer, the outbreak of E coli bacteria in millions of hamburger meat, in a couple of fast-food chains. The inspection process will increase gradually over the next few years. Even though the inspection process has greatly improved, this still does not make it 100% guaranteed that there will not be small cases of outbreaks. The USDA urges you to make sure you properly cook your food, so that the chances decline. The USDA has a great importance in consumer services. The U.S. government wants to look out for everyone across the U.S., the USDA started a Food and Consumer Services (FCS) program. Their purpose is to assist people across the country to ensure that no one will experience or fear hunger. They provide a safety net for people in need. Some of the programs are as followed: Food Stamp Program, Food Distributions for Indians, Supplement Food Programs for women, infants, and children, and School Breakfast Programs. The USDA serves many different purposes, most importantly regulation and education of food safety. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a branch of the Department of Health and Human Services that deal with food borne diseases. Today food-borne illnesses are getting a lot of press. Every second of every day someone is struck with food poisoning and 33 million suffer each year. There are also approximately 9,000 reported deaths a year. This is because of the unsafe food handling that seems to be becoming an epidemic. There are many different types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are either originally found in the food or they are transferred from an outside source, such as who the food was prepared by, that causes the illness (Wardlaw). When a person comes down with an illness that may have been linked to the food they have previously eaten, the CDC deals with the difficult detection of the microbe that may be involved. Looking at the source of the food, time when the symptoms arrived, and how long the illness lasted usually helps to identify the microbe involved. The following information shows some of the characteristics of the major organisms that cause food-borne illnesses. The most commonly found organism to cause food poisoning is salmonella. Salmonella can be spread through three common routes: (1) contaminated eggs and egg products as well as raw meats and chicken, (2) infected food handlers with feces-contaminated hands, and (3) marijuana contaminated with salmonella. The onset of symptoms develop from 5 to 72 hours after ingestion. Salmonella can cause nausea, fever, headache, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting. It rarely kills, but the elderly and young are those most at risk. Salmonella is usually treated symptomatically and can be prevented through safe food handling, through cooking of foods, proper refrigeration, and avoiding cross contamination (Marieb). The next most prevalent food-borne illness causing bacteria is staphylococcus. Staph. Can usually be found in nasal passages as well as in skin sores. It can be spread when someone sneezes or coughs over food or handles food while they have open sores on the skin. The toxin that is produced by the organism can develop when the food is left out for a long time at room temperature. The onset of the Staph. Illness occurs 2-6 hours after eating. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal cramps that Group1 3last 24-36 hours and also is rarely fatal. Safe food handling, proper food refrigeration and keeping cuts on the skin covered are all good ways of preventing Staph. Infections (Marieb). Illiad EssayImmediately after collecting his data, Wiley let his information be known to the U.S. public, but he was unable to gain widespread support until 1906. Backed by a huge following of irate citizens, the Food and Drugs Act of 1906 was passed. The first act was rather simple-it stated that government has right to control local food and drug traffic that the federal government could not previously control. For 32 years the FDA quietly protected the U.S. consumers, and maintained purity in Americas products. However, they thought that they need more authority than they had. In1938 the Federal, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was passed. Under this act, the FDA no longer had to prove knowledge of intent in adulteration cases. Many argued that this gave the FDA complete tyranny. The main duties created by this act are to see that the food we eat is safe and wholesome, the cosmetics we use do not hurt us, medicines are safe and effective. The FDA also protects the countrys blood supply by routinely examining blood banks (1). Also, it ensures that products are labeled truthfully, and with useful information. Along with people, the FDA also regulates food and drugs for pets and farm animals. The FDA consists of 1100 investigators who cover the nations 95,000 FDA-regulated businesses. These inspectors visit about 15,000 facilities per year. Also, they inspect about 80,000 domestic and imported samples for examination by FDA scientists (1). If a company has violated any of the FDAs laws, this company maybe encouraged to correct the problem or recall it from the market. If the company does not cooperate and correct the problem, the FDA can bring them to court and force them to stop selling the product and to have already produced items destroyed. About 3000 items per year are found to be unfit for consumers (1). The FDA is not responsible for doing research when approving new drugs; however, it does study the results done by the manufacturer. Once the drugs have been approved for marketing, the FDA must still collect tens of thousands of reports on that drug each year to monitor for any adverse reactions (1). The Food and Drug Administration is a very controversial department in the U.S. It has been jeered for having too much power and even tyranny. However, if it was not created, we would not know what was in our food and drugs. Overall, the FDA plays a very important and helpful role in our society today, by making our products safe for consumption. Although these agencies serve different departments, their number one purpose is to provide food safety to all Americans and therefore, they must work together at Group 1 6different points in times to meet this very significant goal. One instance in which the FDA, CDC, EPA, and USDA have joined together is the issue of the safety of fruit. Since fruit is usually grown outside on farms it serves the chances of people catching a disease from eating it. For the past several years many illnesses have occurred because of produce. These illnesses include Hepatitis A virus believed to have come from strawberries in Mexico, salmonella in bean sprouts from the Midwest, and Escherichia Coli associated with hamburgers not fully cooked. A few months ago the EPA warned people of Cyclospora, an infection caused from fruits and vegetables. The FDA and the CDC worked together with growers to improve sanitation practices on the farms in Guatemala, while the EPA held a meeting to find more information on cyclospora. The CDC also found the number of Americans becoming ill and gave a report on how to decrease the contamination of fruits (Washington Post, 7/8/97). Another instance in which the EPA, USDA, and the FDA worked together was with the discovery of toxic dioxin found in Tyson Chickens. The chicken was sampled and tested by the USDA and the EPA for dioxin levels, chicken litter, soil, feed, and pesticide use at the Hill Top Farms in Star City (Arkansas Business, 6/16/97). Since the FDA is responsible for the safety of the nations food supply and overlooks all aspects, it often works with the other three federal agencies individually to ensure safety to American consumers. The FDA often communicates with the CDC since foods tend to become contaminated with diseases and make Americans ill. The FDA also works with the CDC in such cases of how to fight germs in soaps, deodorants, toothpaste, and toys using germicidal product, in which both germs and the products can be harmful to the consumer (Orange County Register, 7/16/97). The FDA and the USDA both have the power to inspect, impose grades and standards, and establish rules regarding labeling. In years before the food manufacturers did not want to put nutrition labels on foods because they felt it would take a lot of work, time, and difficulty, but the real reason was it would make consumers aware of substitutes and contents in the foods. The response after labeling was low fat and low sodium foods. Therefore because of the Nutrition and Labeling Act of 1990, which standardized food labels with ingredients, descriptions, and nutrient contents the USDA and the FDA research has shown that Americans are more aware of food contents and ingredients to better their health. The FDA also enforces laws over the EPA in determining the safety of pesticide products and setting tolerance levels for pesticide residues in foods. The FDA also sets guidelines regulating bottled water sold in interstate commerce for human use. The President signed a Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 in August of 1996, which regulated pesticides by the FDA and the EPA to put important public health protection in place, especially for children. The EPA works with the USDA, due to the crops that need to be protected by sprays to prevent them from dying and causing disease. In 1994, the EPA has suggested banning aerial spraying of certain types of herbicides because they were believed to damage crops at a Shoreliani organic vegetable farm and can be hazardous to humans. The USDA recommended the suspended aerial applications of the herbicides until they Group 1 7determined what had happened at Shoreliani. Currently the farm has been closed down so that the EPA may test to see what exactly may be dangerous to the plants (Times-Argus 7/20/97). The CDC will sometimes function with the EPA to study environmental health problems since most diseases can come from the environment, water, and pesticides. The CDC helps to direct and enforce national programs for the prevention and control of diseases transmitted by a host organism.

Prejudice Essays - Discrimination, Abuse, Anti-social Behaviour

Prejudice Prejudice has been apart of human beings since the beginning of time. People hold disparaging views towards other groups because of sex, race, color and religious beliefs. If our society hopes to move forward and continue to be productive, prejudice must stop. In a time when the world is advanced as it ever has been, prejudice still remains a major problem. Discovering the roots of prejudice, and being able to understand prejudice views, we as a society will be able to find solutions to stop it. To understand prejudice, we must first consider all the factors that contribute towards it, and then find a way to counter these factors one by one. Prejudice 3 The Roots of Prejudice There is no simple one-word answer to the question of what causes people to be prejudice. The result of prejudice stems from many complex mixtures of environmental factors, upbringing, media, economic status, and finally experiences. With this being stated, what is the main factor for prejudice, and what can we as a society do to overcome prejudice views? When prejudice is mentioned, one tends to think of white and black conflict, but prejudice views can also be held about women, age, religion, and other ethnic people. To begin to understand the roots of prejudice, it must first be defined. Prejudice is an attitude held toward the member of some group, based solely on their membership in that group. How people develop their attitudes and stereotypes of other people is where the root of prejudice begins. By learning how and why prejudice views take root, society will learn to change these negative opinions. Groups of people who hold prejudice outlooks about other groups of people tend to process information about these groups differently from the way they process information about other groups. The individual traits and behaviors do not affect how they are viewed, unless their behavior reinforces the prejudice opinion already held. There is a belief in our society today that things are much better racially now then a hundred years ago. The media portrays this idea daily. This statement can be classified as being somewhat true, but we as a society still have a long way to go to achieve racial harmony. Development of Prejudice There is still an enormous public display and denial of prejudice in our society. According to Earl Hutchinson: The most dangerous example of public racial denial is the militia and patriot movements. Prejudice 4 They depict themselves as"anti-government activists" fighting to preserve American freedoms. They exorcised derogatory references to blacks, Jews, Asians, Gays, and Feminists from their public statements and writings. The media and some civil rights and liberties groups back them up and print their writings. These groups may differ in tactics from the old Klan, Nazi Party, and John Birch Society, but they still unite three points: White Christians must rule America, the federal government is the enemy, and violence is the only accepted means to gain control. (1996, p.87) When the media covers these groups, they give them free publicity and a chance to be heard. Opinions are not only formed from the news, but also from television, magazines, and radio. For a long time, there were very few programs that portrayed blacks, Asian, Gays and other ethnic people in a positive manner on television. Even today, there can be an argument that very few television shows are geared towards minority races. For example, look at the popular shows "Friends", "Frazier", and "The X-Files", none of which have a main minority character. By not having a positively portrayed minority on these shows, the media is helping prejudice. Media, television and radio are all contributing factors towards prejudice views, but not the only factors. The Tradition of Prejudice People learn from a young age to form opinions, values, beliefs, and stereotypes from their parents. Because parents and environment play such a major role in children's upbringing, it should be pointed out that this is one of the main contributing factors towards forming prejudice views. When children hear their parents saying something prejudice, or observe them acting a certain way towards a group, the child begins to form the same opinions. By forming the same Prejudice 5 beliefs as their parents, they are inheriting prejudice behavior. Their environment plays just as an important role in forming prejudice views. Children who come from a poor isolated area have fewer experiences to draw their own differing opinions from their parents. When a child comes from a more educated, less isolated environment, they have more experiences to draw Prejudice Essays - Discrimination, Abuse, Anti-social Behaviour Prejudice Prejudice has been apart of human beings since the beginning of time. People hold disparaging views towards other groups because of sex, race, color and religious beliefs. If our society hopes to move forward and continue to be productive, prejudice must stop. In a time when the world is advanced as it ever has been, prejudice still remains a major problem. Discovering the roots of prejudice, and being able to understand prejudice views, we as a society will be able to find solutions to stop it. To understand prejudice, we must first consider all the factors that contribute towards it, and then find a way to counter these factors one by one. Prejudice 3 The Roots of Prejudice There is no simple one-word answer to the question of what causes people to be prejudice. The result of prejudice stems from many complex mixtures of environmental factors, upbringing, media, economic status, and finally experiences. With this being stated, what is the main factor for prejudice, and what can we as a society do to overcome prejudice views? When prejudice is mentioned, one tends to think of white and black conflict, but prejudice views can also be held about women, age, religion, and other ethnic people. To begin to understand the roots of prejudice, it must first be defined. Prejudice is an attitude held toward the member of some group, based solely on their membership in that group. How people develop their attitudes and stereotypes of other people is where the root of prejudice begins. By learning how and why prejudice views take root, society will learn to change these negative opinions. Groups of people who hold prejudice outlooks about other groups of people tend to process information about these groups differently from the way they process information about other groups. The individual traits and behaviors do not affect how they are viewed, unless their behavior reinforces the prejudice opinion already held. There is a belief in our society today that things are much better racially now then a hundred years ago. The media portrays this idea daily. This statement can be classified as being somewhat true, but we as a society still have a long way to go to achieve racial harmony. Development of Prejudice There is still an enormous public display and denial of prejudice in our society. According to Earl Hutchinson: The most dangerous example of public racial denial is the militia and patriot movements. Prejudice 4 They depict themselves as"anti-government activists" fighting to preserve American freedoms. They exorcised derogatory references to blacks, Jews, Asians, Gays, and Feminists from their public statements and writings. The media and some civil rights and liberties groups back them up and print their writings. These groups may differ in tactics from the old Klan, Nazi Party, and John Birch Society, but they still unite three points: White Christians must rule America, the federal government is the enemy, and violence is the only accepted means to gain control. (1996, p.87) When the media covers these groups, they give them free publicity and a chance to be heard. Opinions are not only formed from the news, but also from television, magazines, and radio. For a long time, there were very few programs that portrayed blacks, Asian, Gays and other ethnic people in a positive manner on television. Even today, there can be an argument that very few television shows are geared towards minority races. For example, look at the popular shows "Friends", "Frazier", and "The X-Files", none of which have a main minority character. By not having a positively portrayed minority on these shows, the media is helping prejudice. Media, television and radio are all contributing factors towards prejudice views, but not the only factors. The Tradition of Prejudice People learn from a young age to form opinions, values, beliefs, and stereotypes from their parents. Because parents and environment play such a major role in children's upbringing, it should be pointed out that this is one of the main contributing factors towards forming prejudice views. When children hear their parents saying something prejudice, or observe them acting a certain way towards a group, the child begins to form the same opinions. By forming the same Prejudice 5 beliefs as their parents, they are inheriting prejudice behavior. Their environment plays just as an important role in forming prejudice views. Children who come from a poor isolated area have fewer experiences to draw their own differing opinions from their parents. When a child comes from a more educated, less isolated environment, they have more experiences to draw

Computer Crimes Essays - Hacker, Identity Theft, Free Essays

Computer Crimes Essays - Hacker, Identity Theft, Free Essays Computer Crimes Computer crime started in the early 1970?s and has become more and more prevalent. Some computer crime are committed by outside individuals that hack into a computer system. These are the people that usually steal data and cause data loss by vandalism. The most common kind of computer crime is espionage committed by people who work for a company, but this is also the one that you rarely hear about. They usually enter false data that will end up making money for them. Hackers are the world?s new bread of criminals and will soon pose a major threat to the U.S. Because America has become largely a computer society everyone is at risk, experts say, and should protect information about themselves, such as credit card numbers (Bowers 54:G14). Armed with a computer rather than a gun hackers, who say they?re doing the world a favor by pointing out security loopholes, have a slew of ways to break the law (White 67:c11). Computer crime becomes a larger and more prevalent issue as there is more value to criminally gain and the stakes raise in the hacker?s ego game. Only seventy five computer crime prosecutions were reported in the United States in 1986, according to the National Center for Computer Crime Data in Santa Cruz, Calif. By 1989, that number jumped to 500 prosecutions. Computer crimes that year cost businesses and banks - and, ultimately, consumers - about $500 million. "As the use of computers has increased, so has their criminal misuse" (Bowers 54:g13). Computers are used to obtain credit card numbers, which are then used! to order thousands of dollars worth of whatever the hackers want. "In recent years, individual outlaws and entire "gangs" have broken into computers all over the U.S., using their wits and wiles to pilfer and destroy data"(Behar p62). In a case of a 14 year old high school freshman who was convicted of using stolen credit card numbers to order thousands of dollars of computer equipment, and then having it shipped to a vacant house. He obtained the stolen numbers through his computer, ordered many of the goods through his computer, and made an authentic looking purchase order on his computer when a company refused his order. This also shows that the computer can be used for more than just stealing but also in aiding in the illegal crimes (Bowers 54:G13). "Hackers charged $42,815 in telephone calls to taxpayers in one month last year, using computers to access telephone lines at Washington?s Department of Information Services in Olympia" (White 67:C11). About 6,000 U.S. Department of Defense terminals were jammed when a Cornell Universit! y graduate student unleashed a computer virus in 1989. A teenage hacker in Seattle was arrested in 1989 for charging $100,000 in telephone calls to credit card numbers he got by eavesdropping on ship-to-shore telephone calls. If people use credit, chances are a determined hacker can learn their financial secrets. All of this shows the different ways people can use computers to hack into other computers, steal information and then cost the tax payers money. Most of the people who do these things and then get caught say that it was easy to do, and this makes you think what else they could do if they tried. "Out on the electronic ether, the bad guys are perfecting a new series of swindles, including cyberspace chain letters, computer Ponzi scams and high tech pyramid schemes (Underwood 76:B14). These scams are basically the same scams that have been going on for years, but the have now been upped to a new level by computers. Some people believe that if it is on the computer it is true. A worldwide telephone "lottery" was pitched on one on-line service, drawing in 20,000 investors who put in $200 each. Investors were told they would make big bucks by signing up others. It was later broken up and banded as a pyramid scheme by The Securities and Exchange Commission. Securities frauds such as "pump and dump" and phony "hot stock" schemes also have been detected. In one case, a promoter was able to get investors to bid shares in a shell company from 38 cents to $7.50 in just five

Start a fine dining restaurant in Chicago Research Paper

Start a fine dining restaurant in Chicago - Research Paper Example If an opportunity to start the business of fine dining restaurant is given, it would be a nice experience to open a new unique fine dining restaurant based on simplicity, sleek design and finest of foods and services and with a unique theme. Detailing about the product, the first desire is to provide best quality food. In this regard, the key strategy would be to provide a menu which enlists a combination of dinner and lunch what patrons cannot find anywhere else in terms of quality, appearance, ingredients and taste that would be served without being invasive. When it comes to the type of food, it would be best to include comfort food. Owing to the fact that comfort food is highly popular in Chicago, easy to made, easy to digest, soft in consistency, rich in calories and can be made with a little different touch. With regard to the planned rendered services, the restaurant would entail a combination of dynamic and highly experienced chefs and associates owing to the fact that excell ence and perfection generally comes with experience. In terms of recipe, the menu would be prepared on the basis of local tastes, evolving trends and according to the preferences of the patrons as well. On the other hand, when it comes to music, a certain type of music should be played which influences the concept as well as suites the theme. A live classic music including jazz, doowop, and piano among others would be made available in the fine dining restaurant owing to the fact that people often prefer to visit such kind of restaurants on special occasions, thus the food and music should not be aggressive rather the ambience and theme should be based on tranquility and simplicity. Music on demand would also be included in the menu. GIVE YOUR FINE DINING RESTAURANT A NAME. EXPLAIN WHY THIS ADDS VALUE TO YOUR BUSINESS. The name of the unique fine dining restaurant would be â€Å"The Appetizer Aroma†. The pertinent reason behind this unique name is that people gets addicted to food mainly for two reasons, first is for appetite and secondly for its mesmerizing smell. The name of the restaurant contains both the key elements that would facilitate to draw people for food along with services. WHY IS CHICAGO A GOOD LOCATION FOR A FINE DINING BUSINESS? Regarding dining, Chicago offers amid the best restaurants in the nation. Chicago has always a special place which reflects the culture of perfect bars, quality bartenders and leisurely music among others (Chicago, â€Å"Chicago Magazine†). From many decades, Chicago is well known for the availability of a selection of most revered restaurants and finest cuisine. Chicago provides a wide selection of dining ranging from Asian restaurants to traditional Italia n restaurants (Chicago, â€Å"Chicago Magazine†). WHAT FORM OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP WILL YOU TAKE AND WHY? With regard to business ownership, entering into the partnership, LLC and corporations result in certain monetary expenditure, which is not in case of sole proprietorship. Accordingly, in sole

Computer Forensics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Forensics - Coursework Example This 2 GB limit is caused by which of the following? ________ 32. If a person creates a file that contains 4097 bytes of information, and the file is saved to a hard disk that has clusters of 4 sectors each, how much file slack is associated with that file? 4916.4 bytes 33. True or False: When a file is deleted on a Windows system, the operating system inserts a Hex D5 in the place of the first character of the filename, indicating to the OS that the file has been deleted. TRUE As a digital forensics examiner, you have been called to the scene of a Kidnapping. Several witnesses have told the investigator that the victim was very excited about a new person they met online. Your job at the scene as a digital forensics examiner is to recommend to the investigating officer a course of action as to what digital evidence may or may not be needed to investigate this crime. a. Provide a list of potential digital evidence that the investigator is going to want to seize for possible forensic examination. Be thorough, as the lead investigator in this case is not computer savvy. Digital photo of the scene of crime – the photo should cover the areas from which the abduction occurred. If should clearly cover the area, for ease of identification of the area during crime analysis and investigation. In case the abductors or the victim left any belonging behind at the scene of crime, a digital photo should be taken. Evidence of the online communication – the investigator should collect information of the conversations done by the two parties online. The investigator should focus on getting information leading to the identification of the abductor. The collected information should include; the name used by the abductor in the online platform, photos and any other biographic information. The investigator should record snapshots of the conversations between the parties. Collection of information on the people

The Social Responsibility of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Social Responsibility of Business - Essay Example The objective of any corporation is to legally maximize the returns on investment so that its shareholders primarily can benefit. He maintains that the responsibility of a corporate executive who is employed by the owners of the business is to run the business profitably in accordance with the law. However, he might have other responsibilities as well, such as the responsibility to devote a part of his income to charity, or to have a good behaviour towards his family, or people, in general. These responsibilities, however, are not of the business but the corporate executive's responsibilities. Conclusion In a nutshell, it can be stated that even though a business is an artificial personality and can be claimed to have no social obligations, it should be operated in such as a way so as to protect the interests of its stakeholders, as they have contributed resources in the business and are also directly affected by the decisions taken with regard to business matters. All business decisions should be taken without the intention or plan to inflict harm on any member of the society. The environment or the ecological concerns should be paid extra attention to and activities of the business should not lead to the exploitation of any stakeholder. It is natural that a business is run to maximize its profits or to get the highest return for its investment but this behavior should not be pursued at the expense of the interests of the society and the community as a whole as it may even prove to be unprofitable for the business in the later years. Any social obligation should not be discarded with the view that it is for the government to take up the welfare of society and... It can be stated that even though a business is an artificial personality and can be claimed to have no social obligations, it should be operated in such as a way so as to protect the interests of its stakeholders, as they have contributed resources in the business and are also directly affected by the decisions taken with regard to business matters. All business decisions should be taken without the intention or plan to inflict harm on any member of the society. The environment or the ecological concerns should be paid extra attention to. It is natural that a business is run to maximize its profits or to get the highest return for its investment, but this behavior should not be pursued at the expense of the interests of the society and the community as a whole as it may even prove to be unprofitable for the business in the later years. Any social obligation should not be discarded with the view that it is for the government to take up the welfare of society and environment. Behaving and operating in an environment friendly way will only ensure a business’s longevity, increased customer appreciation and a particular social aim will so be achieved. The companies should exercise their power in such a way so that none of the stakeholders come to harm and the objectives of the business is also achieved. It is concluded that the companies are responsible for behaving uprightly so that junior managers or lower-level workers are influenced and motivated to do the same and the moral values of an organization is upheld.

A Personal Reflection On The ITM Information Technology Essay

A Personal Reflection On The ITM Information Technology Essay I have been in information technology industry for quite some time. I have first-hand information technology experience especially in government, utility, consulting, software and manufacturing industries. I wanted to contribute with my industry experience during ITM 700 and ITM 800 courses. Other team members did not have a similar background or experience thus had different points of view most of the time. I particularly had experience with Ministry of Environment, Government of Ontario, particularly with their RFS and RFP processes. I wanted to utilize my past experience with Ontario government in making a better RFI. I knew our professor had also Ontario government experience. I proposed what needs to be done to make our projects more successful based on my practical industry experience, in consideration of professors past experience with the industry, especially her experience with the government, what she would be looking for in a RFI. Other team members responded positively at times, mostly did not agree with what I proposed. But regardless of differences of opinions, I complied with the majority and delivered reports. Most of the time, feedbacks from professor were in favour of what I proposed earlier. In most cases I received little or no feedback on my parts of the deliverables. They understood what I had as industry experience was genuine and was really in line with what these courses are trying to achieve. I felt that my past experience in the industry contributed to my learning, and my education here at Ryerson was in line with what I learned in the industry, giving me confidence that I was receiving an education that would actually be put to good use and would at the end help achieve my future career goals. It was not only theoretical but also applicable to todays and future business environments. Other team members also realized that these courses were not far from real business life realities. Good thing about this experience was that it was not always what we felt like was true; it was what client wanted and what profitability and sustainable competitive advantage principles dictated. Bad thing was we realized we had a lot more to learn and gain much more experience, we were just at the beginning of a long journey and the road ahead was full of challenges, was long and needed a constant concentration and energy to keep up with the pace and to keep at it. I learned that technology, tools, their fit for purpose and their alignment with corporate strategy were very important for survivability of a company. This made it clear to me that we need to educate ourselves constantly about technology trends. We need to know how emerging new technologies can change how we do business. We need to be in a position to identify if they can be acquired by competitors. If they were acquired by competitors, what could this mean? What would be the future threat if competitors were to adapt these technologies much earlier? We also need to be able to understand if these new technologies are just a fashion statement and will disappear like never happened or existed, or will they form an important part of how we do business. When we look back, will we say I cant imagine how we made business without these technologies. Take, for example, 20 years ago, how did companies communicate with their customers without internet, how did multinational and geographically dispersed corporations communicated internally, what was the speed at which they could arrive to a decision about a particular subject with collaboration of geographically dispersed team members? How did they reach to international costumers? What was the means of delivery of information regarding their products and services before internet did not exist? Impact of technology on many different areas of businesses is becoming more evident with each day. How would companies have shortened design to market cycles without use of information technology as they do today? What could we have achieved with a certain amount of budget 20 years ago in comparison with what we can now with the same budget? Would the business benefit the same? Considering how far the computing capacity increased in the last 20 years, it is a challenge to imagine what future business environment and culture will look like. We need to be prepared and ready for such changes in the near future which most likely will happen in a not too long of a time span. I learned how to approach a team environment that has many leaders, with difference of opinions. I gained experience in how to handle conflicts of priorities. It was a remarkable opportunity for me to increase my experience on how to tackle tight schedule timelines. I learned how to juggle what we need for our project versus what the client wants from the same project. It was a unique opportunity for all of us to learn how to handle challenges due to lack of interest on the clients part in providing important financial information for our deliverables. My strategy with our client was to extract reasonable amount of information, if at all possible, for our deliverables while keeping clients interest in the project intact. I based my actions on satisfying clients needs as well as providing enough information for our deliverables for our course. Striking a balance between what client wants and what we need for a successful report for our course was the key. Experience that I had with well known consulting companies such as Deloitte Touche, Cap Gemini and IBM helped me a lot in gathering requirements and preparing reports. My knowledge and experience regarding technology, enterprise resource planning systems, business application development and maintenance helped a lot during the course of both ITM 700 and ITM 800. It is important to understand the needs of the client and articulating them. Keeping dependable records of communications with the client, getting clarity on the requirements, good understanding of their near and future business growth are important elements in a successful project. I understood that to better manage and deliver projects in the future, it is important to understand clients business, what is important for them, what the critical elements are in sustaining their competitive advantage and thus how our project can help improve them. It is also important to have a better understanding of technology trends that are applicable to clients business. Better articulation of tasks, deliverables, timelines, lead times and resources needed are also important. Demonstrated and continued executive leadership is an important aspect in a similar project. This allows reasonably fast decision-making during the project, reducing risk of delays in delivery of the project. It makes it clear to the team members and other stakeholders that the organization is supporting the project and that they will receive the project deliverables and results they are expecting. Adequate funding and resources dedicated to the project is also important. Without this, quality of the deliverables may suffer, project may be delayed, team may be more likely to cut corners on the project, or take more risks and thus jeopardize the quality of outcomes of the project. Clear governance, roles and responsibilities is another important aspect of a successful project delivery. Without clear governance, roles and responsibilities, key milestones and delivery dates can be missed. Due to the project not being given the importance warranted by senior executives, resources may be moved from the project, critical decisions may be deferred or removed from agendas and the project may lose credibility as a result. Another important success factor for a project is complete and clear requirements. This eliminates significant changes in scope throughout projects lifecycle, likely resulting in the project being on-budget, and being on time. A comprehensive, well-thought out plan helps to have a clear picture of what is going to be delivered and when. This will allow enough lead time to obtain vital resources needed towards the latter parts the project, for example testers, technical writers, trainers, and business users to validate and accept the deliverables. Greater consideration for people and organizational change management increases chances of acceptance of the project deliverables by the client by making its business environment ready to accommodate and support these deliverables. It is important that the deliverables are embraced by business users otherwise the project may not be seen as a success even if everything is delivered as agreed. Multi-stakeholder communications is also important on a project because without regular communications client may lose confidence in our ability to manage the project, may not have a clear picture of what is going to be delivered, and when, may not be aware of issues occurring on the project, whereas issues may have occurred with an impact on delivery dates, quality and scope of deliverables or may believe there are significant issues occurring on the project when there are none. It is also important to have a better understanding of economy in Ontario and Canada as it relates to industry that our client is operating in. We need to better understanding legal implications and law in Ontario and Canada that affects business of our client. With the help of all these critical success factors, we can end up with a better managed project, better client satisfaction, and bigger benefits realized. We also can decrease amount of time to gain back the investment made on the project. Better alignment of technology with company strategies that feeds and sustains competitive advantage of the client will also be an important outcome. We can get more training to improve ourselves. We should increase amount of interaction with team environments and get more opportunities to practice good communication skills such as presentations, public talking and other means of improving verbal communication. This can also further be nurtured by performing more client facing tasks as much as possible. Overall I was very pleased and satisfied with my experience with ITM 700 and ITM 800 at Ryerson. There was never a dull moment during the course of study in the last eight months. Ryerson provides its students unparalleled opportunities to equip themselves with relevant, current and industry aligned skills and experience in a changing and highly competitive global economy. As a Ryerson graduate I will feel much more confident and ready for challenges that future business life will bring.

Leonardo da vinci Essay -- essays research papers fc

Leonardo Da Vinci   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leonardo Da Vinci was a man of many worlds. He was a great influence inhis time. Leonardo was known as many things. He was known as a sculptor, architect, writer, musician,philosopher, engineer, and scientist. But most of all he was known for his impressive paintings that influenced the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leonardo was born in Anchiano, Italy on April 15, 1452, to Piero Da Vinci, a prominent public official in Florence, and a peasant woman named Caterina. He was born out of wedlock and shortly after his birth they were married, but not to each other. As an infant, Leonardo was cared for by other family members; his uncles, grandmother, and Aunts. Later, his father took him into his own house where he was forced to join and get along with half-brothers and half-sisters. While living with his father, he was receiving the best education he could get and his talents and intelligence started to show at a very early age. In 1469, by the age of 17, his father sent him to study in the workshop of a well-known Italian Renaissance master named Andrea lV Errocchio. He remained there until 1476 and Leonardo had picked up a variety of skills. He spent several years there practicing a variety of things such as drafting engineering, architecture, and building, but most of all he studied painting and drawing. Leonardo was assigned to build a golden sphere and cross to sit on top of the domed ...

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 18

Matt woke, fuzzily, to find himself still behind the steering wheel of Elena's car. He stumbled into his house, almost forgetting to lock the car, and then fumbling with keys to unlock the back door. The house was dark; his parents were asleep. He made it up to his bedroom and collapsed on the bed without even taking off his shoes. When he woke again, he was startled to find it was nineA.M . and his mobile phone was ringing in his jeans pocket. â€Å"Mer'dith?† â€Å"We thought you were coming over early this morning.† â€Å"I am, but I've got to figure outhow first,† Matt said – or rather, croaked. His head felt twice its usual size and his arm at least four times too big. Even so, something in the back of his mind was calculating how to get to the boardinghouse without taking the Old Wood Road at all. Finally a few neurons lit up and showed him. â€Å"Matt? Are you still there?† â€Å"I'm not sure. Last night†¦God, I don't evenremember most of last night. But on the way home – look, I'll tell you when I get there. First I have to call the police.† â€Å"Thepolice ?† â€Å"Yeah†¦look†¦just give me an hour, okay? I'll be there in an hour.† When he finally arrived at the boardinghouse, it was closer to eleven than to ten. But a shower had cleared his head, even if it hadn't done much for his throbbing arm. When he did appear, he was engulfed in worried femininity. â€Å"Matt,what happened ?† He told them everything he could remember. When Elena, with set lips, undid the Ace bandage he had wrapped around his arm, they all winced. The long scratches were clearly badly infected. â€Å"They're poisonous, then, these malach.† â€Å"Yes,† Elena said tersely. â€Å"Poisonous to body and mind.† â€Å"And you think one of these can getinside people?† Meredith asked. She was doodling on a notebook page, trying to draw something that looked like what Matt had described. â€Å"Yes.† For just a moment Elena's and Meredith's eyes met – then both looked down. At last Meredith said, â€Å"And how do we know whether one is inside†¦someone†¦or not?† â€Å"Bonnie should be able to tell, in trance,† Elena said evenly. â€Å"Even I might be able to tell, but I'm not going to use White Power for that. We're going down to see Mrs. Flowers.† She said it in that special way that Matt had learned to recognize long ago, and it meant that no argument would do any good. She was putting her foot down, and that was that. And the truth was that Matt didn't feel very much like arguing. He hated to complain – he'd played through football games with a broken collarbone, a sprained knee, a turned ankle – but this was different. His arm felt in danger of exploding. Mrs. Flowers was downstairs in the kitchen, but on the family room table were four glasses of iced tea. â€Å"I'll be right with you,† she called through the swinging half-door that divided the kitchen from where they were standing. â€Å"Drink the tea, especially the young man who's injured. It'll help him relax.† â€Å"Herbal tea,† Bonnie whispered to the others, as if this were some trade secret. The tea wasn't all that bad, although Matt would've preferred a Coke. But when he thought of it as medicine, and with the girls all watching him like hawks, he managed to get over half of it down before the landlady came out. She was wearing her gardening hat – or at least a hat with artificial flowers on it that looked as if it had been used for gardening. But on a cookie tray, she had a number of instruments, all gleaming as if they'd just been boiled. â€Å"Yes, dear, I am,† she said to Bonnie, who had stood up in front of Matt protectively. â€Å"I used to be a nurse, just like your sister. Women weren't encouraged to be doctors then. But all my life I've been a witch. Gets kind of lonely, doesn't it?† â€Å"It wouldn't be so lonely,† Meredith said, looking puzzled, â€Å"if you lived closer to town.† â€Å"Ah, but then I'd have people staring at my house all the time, and children daring each other to run and touch it, or to throw a stone through my window, or adults peering at me every time I went shopping. And how could I ever keep my garden in peace?† It was the longest speech any of them had ever heard her make. It took them so by surprise that it was a moment before Elena said, â€Å"I don't see how you can keep your garden in peace outhere . What with all the deer and rabbits and other animals.† â€Å"Well, most of it isfor the animals, you see.† Mrs. Flowers smiled beatifically and her face seemed to light up from within. â€Å"They surely enjoy it. But they don't enjoy the herbs I grow for putting on scrapes and cuts and sprains and such. And perhaps they know I'm a witch, too, since they always leave me a bit of the garden for myself and maybe a guest or two.† â€Å"Why are you telling me all of this now?† Elena demanded. â€Å"Why, there've been times when I was looking for you, or for Stefan, when I thought – well, never mind what I thought. But I wasn't always sure you were our friend.† â€Å"The truth is that I've gotten solitary and unsociable in my old age. But now you've lost your young man, haven't you? I wish I had gotten up a little earlier this morning. Then I might have been able to speak to him. He left the money for a year's rental of the room on the kitchen table. I've always had a soft spot for him, and that's the truth.† Elena's lips were trembling. Matt hastily and heroically lifted his wounded arm. â€Å"Can you help at all with this?† he asked, peeling the Ace bandage away again. â€Å"Oh, my, my. And what sort of critter gave you these?† Mrs. Flowers said, examining the scratches while the three girls winced. â€Å"We think it was a malach,† Elena said quietly. â€Å"Do you know anything about those?† â€Å"I've heard the word, yes, but I don't know anything specific. How long ago did you get them?† she asked Matt. â€Å"They look more like tooth marks than claw marks.† â€Å"They are,† Matt said grimly, and he described the malach to her as best he could. It was partly to keep himself distracted, because Mrs. Flowers had picked up one of the gleaming instruments from the cookie tray and was starting to do things to his red and swollen arm. â€Å"Hold as still as you can on this towel,† she said. â€Å"These have already scabbed over, but they need to be opened and drained and cleaned out properly. It's going to hurt. Why don't one of you young women hold his hand to help keep his arm steady?† Elena started to stand but Bonnie beat her to it, almost leaping over Meredith to take Matt's hand in both of her own. The draining and cleaning were painful, but Matt managed to bear it without making a sound, even giving Bonnie a sort of sickly grin as blood and pus trickled out of his arm. The lancing hurt at first, but the release of pressure felt good, and when the wounds were drained and clean and then packed with a cold herbal compress, they felt blessedly cool and ready to heal properly. It was while he was trying to thank the old woman that he noticed Bonnie staring at him. In particular, at his neck. Suddenly she giggled. â€Å"What? What's funny?† â€Å"The bug,† she said. â€Å"It gave you a hickey. Unless you did something else last night that you didn't tell us about.† Matt could feel himself flush as he pulled his collar up higher. â€Å"I did tell you about it, and it was the malach. It had a sort of tentacle with suckers around my neck. It was trying to strangle me!† â€Å"I remember now,† Bonnie said meekly. â€Å"I'm sorry.† Mrs. Flowers even had an herbal ointment for the mark the sucker tentacle had left – and one for Matt's scraped knuckles. After she'd applied them, Matt felt so good that he was able to look sheepishly at Bonnie, who was watching him with big brown eyes. â€Å"I know, it does look like a hickey,† he said. â€Å"I saw it this morning in the mirror. And I've got another one lower down, but at least my collar covers that one.† He snorted and reached into his shirt to apply more ointment. The girls laughed – a release of the tension that they'd all been feeling. Meredith had started back up the narrow stairway to what everyone still thought of as Stefan's room, and Matt automatically followed her. He didn't realize that Elena and Bonnie were hanging back until he was halfway up the stairs, and then Meredith motioned him onward. â€Å"They're just conferring,† Meredith said, in her quiet, no-nonsense voice. â€Å"Aboutme ?† Matt swallowed. â€Å"It's about that thing Elena saw inside Damon, right? The invisible malach. And whether or not I've got one – inside me – right now.† Meredith, never one to soft-pedal anything, simply nodded. But she put a hand briefly on his shoulder as they entered the dim, high-ceilinged bedroom. Shortly after, Elena and Bonnie came up, and Matt could tell at once by their faces that the worst-case scenario wasn't true. Elena saw his expression and immediately went to him and hugged him. Bonnie followed, more shyly. â€Å"Feel okay?† Elena said, and Matt nodded. â€Å"I feel fine,† he said. Like wrestling alligators, he thought. Nothing was nicer than hugging soft, soft girls. â€Å"Well, the consensus is that you don't have anything inside you that doesn't belong there. Your aura seems clear and strong now that you're not in pain.† â€Å"Thank God,† Matt said, and he meant it. It was at that moment that his mobile phone rang. He frowned, puzzled at the number displayed, but he answered it. â€Å"Matthew Honeycutt?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Hold, please.† A new voice came on: â€Å"Mr. Honeycutt?† â€Å"Uh, yeah, but – â€Å" â€Å"This is Rich Mossberg of the Fell's Church Sheriff's Department. You called this morning to report a fallen tree midway down Old Wood Road?† â€Å"Yes, I – â€Å" â€Å"Mr. Honeycutt, we don't like prank calls of this sort. We frown upon them, in fact. It takes up the valuable time of our officers, and besides, it happens to be a crime to make a false report to the police. If I wanted to, Mr. Honeycutt, I could charge you with this crime and make you answer to a judge. I don't see just what you find so amusing about it.† â€Å"I wasn't – I don't findanything amusing about it! Look, last night – † Matt's voice trailed off. What was he going to say?Last night I was waylaid by a tree and a monster bug? A small voice inside him added that the Fell's Church Sheriff's officers seemed to spend most of their valuable time hanging around the Dunkin' Donuts in the city square, but the next words he heard shut it up. â€Å"In fact, Mr. Honeycutt, under the authority of Virginia State Code, Section 18.2-461, making a false police report is punishable as a Class 1 misdemeanor. You could be looking at a year in jail or a twenty-five-thousand-dollar fine. Do you findthat amusing, Mr. Honeycutt?† â€Å"Look, I – â€Å" â€Å"Do you, in fact,have twenty-five thousand dollars, Mr. Honeycutt?† â€Å"No, I – I – † Matt waited to be cut off and then he realized that he wasn't going to be. He was sailing off the edge of the map into some unknown region. What to say?The malach took the tree away – or maybe it moved by itself ? Ludicrous. Finally, in a creaky voice he managed, â€Å"I'm sorry they didn't find the tree. Maybe†¦somehow it got moved.† â€Å"Maybe somehow it got moved,† the sheriff repeated expressionlessly. â€Å"In fact maybe somehow it moved itself the way that all those stop signs and yield signs keep moving themselves away from intersections. Does that ring a bell, Mr. Honeycutt?† â€Å"No!† Matt felt himself flush deeply. â€Å"I would never move any kind of street sign.† By now the girls were clustered around him, as if they could somehow help by appearing as a group. Bonnie was gesturing vigorously, and her indignant expression made it clear that she wanted to tell the sheriff off personally. â€Å"In fact, Mr. Honeycutt,† Sheriff Mossberg cut in, â€Å"we called your home number first, since that's the phone you used to place the report. And your mother said that she hadn't seen you at all last night.† Matt ignored the little voice that wanted to snap,Is that a crime? â€Å"That was because I got held up – â€Å" â€Å"By a self-propelled tree, Mr. Honeycutt? In fact we had already had another call about your house last night. A member of Neighborhood Watch reported a suspicious car roughly in front of your house. According to your mother, you recently totaled your own car, isn't that right, Mr. Honeycutt?† Matt could see where this was going and he didn't like it. â€Å"Yes,† he heard himself say, while his mind worked desperately for a plausible explanation. â€Å"I was trying to avoid running over a fox. And – â€Å" â€Å"Yet there was a report of a brand new Jaguar lingering in front of your house, just far enough away from the streetlight to be – inconspicuous. A car so new that it had no license plates. Was that, in fact, your car, Mr. Honeycutt?† â€Å"Mr. Honeycutt's my father!† Matt said desperately. â€Å"I'm Matt. And it was my friend's car – â€Å" â€Å"And your friend's name is†¦?† Matt stared at Elena. She was making wait gestures, obviously trying to think. To sayElena Gilbert would be suicidal. The police, of all people, knew that Elena Gilbert was dead. Now Elena was pointing around the room and mouthing words at him. Matt shut his eyes and said the words, â€Å"Stefan Salvatore. But he gave the car to his girlfriend?† He knew he was ending his sentence so that it sounded like a question, but he could hardly believe Elena's coaching. Now the sheriff was beginning to sound tired and exasperated. â€Å"Areyou askingme , Matt? So you were driving the brand-new car of your friend's girlfriend. And her name is†¦?† There was a brief moment when the girls seemed to disagree and Matt hung in limbo. But then Bonnie threw her arms up and Meredith moved forward, pointing to herself. â€Å"Meredith Sulez,† Matt said weakly. He heard the hesitation in his own voice and he repeated, huskily but with more conviction, â€Å"Meredith Sulez.† Now Elena was whispering rapidly in Meredith's ear. â€Å"And the car was purchased where? Mr. Honeycutt?† â€Å"Yes,† Matt said. â€Å"Just a second – † He put the phone into Meredith's outstretched hand. â€Å"This is Meredith Sulez,† Meredith said smoothly, in the polished, relaxed tones of a classical music disk jockey. â€Å"Miss Sulez, you've heard the conversation so far?† â€Å"Ms.Sulez, please, Sergeant. I have.† â€Å"Did you, in fact, lend your car to Mr. Honeycutt?† â€Å"I did.† â€Å"And where is Mr.† – there was a shuffling of paper – â€Å"Stefan Salvatore, the original owner of the car?† He's not asking her where they bought it, Matt thought. He must know. â€Å"My boyfriend is away from town right now,† Meredith said, still in the same refined, unflappable voice. â€Å"I don't know when he'll be back. When he is, shall I have him call you?† â€Å"That might be wise,† Sheriff Mossberg said dryly. â€Å"These days very few cars are bought with cash on the line, especially brand-new Jaguars. I'd like your driver's license number, also. And, in fact, I'd very much like to speak to Mr. Salvatore when he returns.† â€Å"That may be very soon,† Meredith said, a bit slowly, but following Elena's coaching. Then she recited her driver's license number from memory. â€Å"Thank you,† Sheriff Mossberg said briefly. â€Å"That will be all for – â€Å" â€Å"May I just say one thing? Matt Honeycutt would never, ever remove stop signs or yield signs. He's a very conscientious driver and was a leader in his high school class. You can speak to any of Robert E. Lee High School's teachers or even the principal if she's not on vacation. Any one of them will tell you the same thing.† The sheriff didn't seem to be impressed. â€Å"You can tell him from me that I'll be keeping an eye on him in the future. In fact it might be a good idea if he stopped in the Sheriff's Department today or tomorrow,† he said, and then the phone went dead. Matt burst out, â€Å"Stefan's girlfriend? You, Meredith? What if the car dealer says the girl was a blond? How are we going to work that out?† â€Å"We aren't,† Elena said simply from behind Meredith. â€Å"Damon is. All we have to do is to find him. I'm sure he can take care of Sheriff Mossberg with a little mind control – if the price is right. And don't worry about me,† she added gently. â€Å"You're frowning, but everything is going to be fine.† â€Å"You believe that?† â€Å"I'm sure of it.† Elena gave him another hug and a kiss on the cheek. â€Å"I'm supposed to stop by the Sheriff's Department today or tomorrow, though.† â€Å"But not alone!† Bonnie said, and her eyes were sparkling with indignation. â€Å"And when Damon goes with you, Sheriff Mooseburger will end up being your best friend.† â€Å"All right,† Meredith said. â€Å"So what are we doing today?† â€Å"The problem,† Elena returned, tapping an index finger against her upper lip, â€Å"is that we've got too many problems at once and I don't want anybody – and I mean anybody – going out alone. It's clear that there are malach in the Old Wood, and that they're trying to do unfriendly-type things to us. Kill us, for one.† Matt basked in the warm relief of being believed. The conversation with Sheriff Mossberg had shaken him more than he wanted to show. â€Å"So we make up task forces,† Meredith said, â€Å"and we split the jobs between them. What problems do we need to plan for?† Elena ticked off the problems with her fingers. â€Å"One problem is Caroline. I really think someone should try to see her, at the very least to try and find out if she has one of thosethings inside her. Another problem is Tami – and who knows who else? If Caroline is†¦contagious somehow, she might have spread it to some other girl – or guy.† â€Å"Okay,† Meredith said, â€Å"and what else?† â€Å"Someone needs to contact Damon. Try to find out from him anything he knows about Stefan leaving, and also try to get him to go in to headquarters with us to influence Sheriff Mossberg.† â€Å"Well, you'd better be on that last team, since you're the only one Damon's likely to talk to,† said Meredith. â€Å"And Bonnie should be on it, so she can keep – â€Å" â€Å"No. No Calling today,† Bonnie pleaded. â€Å"I'm so sorry, Elena, but I just can't, not without a day of rest between. And besides, if Damon wants to talk to you, all you need to do is to walk – notinto the forest, butnear it – and call to him yourself. He knows everything that's going on. He'll know you're there.† â€Å"Then I should go with Elena,† Matt reasoned. â€Å"Since that sheriff is my problem. I'd like to go by the place where I saw the tree – â€Å" At once there was a protest from all three girls. â€Å"I said I'dlike to,† Matt said. â€Å"Not that we should plan for it. That's one spot we know is too dangerous.† â€Å"All right,† Elena said. â€Å"So Bonnie and Meredith will visit Caroline, and you and I will go Damon hunting, all right? I'd rather go Stefan hunting, but we just don't have enough information yet.† â€Å"Right, but before you go, maybe stop by Jim Bryce's house. Matt has an excuse to stop by anytime – he knows Jim. And you can check on Tami's progress as well,† Meredith suggested. â€Å"Sounds like plans A, B, and C,† Elena said, and then, spontaneously, they all laughed. It was a clear day, with a hot sun shining overhead. In the sunlight, despite the minor annoyance of Sheriff Mossberg's call, they all felt strong and capable. None of them had any idea that they were about to walk into the worst nightmare of their lives. Bonnie stood back as Meredith knocked at the front door of the Forbes home. After a while of no answer and silence inside, Meredith knocked again. This time Bonnie could hear whisperings and Mrs. Forbes hissing something, and Caroline's distant laughter. Finally, just as Meredith was about to ring the bell – the height of discourtesy between neighbor and neighbor in Fell's Church – the door opened. Bonnie neatly slipped a foot in, keeping it from being shut again. â€Å"Hi, Mrs. Forbes. We just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Meredith faltered. â€Å"We just wanted to see if Caroline was any better,† she finished in a tinny-sounding voice. Mrs. Forbes looked as if she'd seen a ghost – and she'd spent all night running from it. â€Å"No, she's not. Not better. She's still – sick.† The woman's voice was hollow and distant and her eyes scanned the ground just over Bonnie's right shoulder. Bonnie felt fine hairs on her arms and the back of her neck stand up. â€Å"Okay, Mrs. Forbes.† Even Meredith sounded false and hollow. Then someone said suddenly, â€Å"Areyou all right?† and Bonnie realized it was her own voice. â€Å"Caroline†¦isn't well. She's†¦not seeing anyone,† whispered the woman. An iceberg seemed to glide down Bonnie's spine. She wanted to turn and run from this house and its aura of malevolence. But at that moment Mrs. Forbes suddenly slumped. Meredith was barely able to break her fall. â€Å"She's fainted,† Meredith said tersely. Bonnie wanted to say,Well, put her on the rug inside and run! But they could hardly do that. â€Å"We've got to take her inside,† Meredith said flatly. â€Å"Bonnie, are you okay to go?† â€Å"No,† Bonnie said just as flatly, â€Å"but what choice do we have?† Mrs. Forbes, small as she was, was heavy. Bonnie held her feet and followed Meredith, step by reluctant step, into the house. â€Å"We'll just put her on her bed,† Meredith said. Her voice was shaky. There was something about the house that was terribly unsettling – as if waves of pressure kept bearing down on them. And then Bonnie saw it. Just a glimpse as they stepped into the living room. It was down the hallway, and it could have been the play of light and shadow there, but it looked for all the world like a person. A person scuttling like a lizard – but not on the floor. On the ceiling.

Thesis Example

enjoy!!! :]]] EFFECTS OF ILLEGAL ABORTION A Research Paper Presented to Ms. Rivera RAMON MAGSAYSAY (CUBAO) HIGH SCHOOL Ermin Garcia St. Cor. EDSA Cubao Quezon City In partial fulfillment of the requirement of English IV By: Rowena Louise V. Eustaquio IV-Scarlet ii APPROVAL SHEET This research entitled â€Å"Effects of Illegal Abortion† was prepared by Rowena Louise V. Eustaquio and hereby submitted for approval. ————————————————- Approved with a grade of ______ on _____________________. ————————————————- Accepted as partial fulfillment for English IV. iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT I liked to thank God for finishing this Research paper because without the guidance of Him I can’t finish this. I thank my parents for supporting me for the time I used of our compute r to do some research about my topic. I thank my brothers and sisters for helping me when I need them to buy something for me. Especially I liked to thank to my Kuya Leeran because he gave me yellow pad papers for my draft. I liked to thank the librarian of RMCHS because of letting me to borrow the encyclopedias for I have to Xerox it, and also I liked to thank the RMCHS library for giving me some source for my research.I would like to thank Christine Pedrasita for her companion with me when I need to go to the library. I liked to thank Ms. Rivera for giving us this project. She gave us this project so that we are challenge to go to the library and how to use it and so that we can have time management because of hectic schedule. Thank you very much!!! –The Researcher— iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii Approval Sheet †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iii Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iv Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. v CHAPTER 1 A.Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 B. History / Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 C. Limitation of Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 D. Purpose of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 E. Thesis Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 F. Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11-12 CHAPTER 2 A. Review of Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Types†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13-14 Methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14-16 Abortion Law†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16-17 Effects of Abortion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17-18 A List of Major Physical Sequelae Related to Abortion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8-20 Footnotes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 CHAPTER 3 A. Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 B. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 C. Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 CHAPTER 4 A. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 B. Sample Survey†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 C. Permit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 D. Curriculum Vitae†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 V CHAPTER 1 A. INTRODUCTION If you beco me pregnant at the age of 16, what would you do to your baby? Will you give birth or will kill your baby because you are too young to take care of a baby or to become a mother?Killing your baby is not an answer to this problem, even if it is just weeks old or a month young old, because it is not right to kill a human being it is in the Ten Commandments. I want to introduce to you my topic for this research paper. Abortion. I chose this topic because I want to give more information about abortion like the effects of it and why it was discovered. Enjoy learning! B. HISTORY/BACKGROUND Abortion was said that no one invented it, it was just discovered by physicians who were experimenting about the Hippocratic Oath in Ancient Greece, forbade doctors from helping to procure an abortion by pessary. 1) It began on 1800’s when laws forbid the act after 16 weeks of conception. In 1900’s many women was still using it even if it was at risk because of the different procedures that can affect to their health. It became legal in 1973 by the supreme court. (2) But still many countries are saying that abortion is illegal so other countries said to their law that abortion is illegal. There are many people knew about abortion but they have different ways and in different beliefs about it. And many women are still use and do it in different procedures. ________________________________ 1. http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Abortion#History 2. http://www. chritianet. com/abortionfacts/historybackgroundofabortion. htm C. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This research paper only talks about the effect of illegal abortion only. This research is only for the people of the Philippines who wanted to know more or to learn more about abortion. This is to inform you want are the things you really want to learn about abortion. D. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY My purpose of choosing this topic for a research paper is because I really want to know more about abortion and I want to know why someone inve nted it or discovered it.Nevertheless, I want to inform all the people what are the good and especially the bad effects of it and why should we be informed about it. E. THESIS STATEMENT Many people, most of them were women teenagers, those were became pregnant early in a young age, use this kind of procedure so that they can not take the tasks as a young adult mother. They are thinking that this is just a easy thing and pregnancy is just a joke or a play but they are wrong. I want to prove from this research that abortion is not an answer to our problem of being pregnant so young because we are not ready for this situation.If you are pregnant you should be prepared and be proud because God gave you a child. F. DEFINITION OF TERMS ABORTION – any of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first 6 months. EUTHANASIA – also called mercy killing the act of putting to death painlessly or allowing to die. SACROSANCT – extremely sacre d or inviolable CONTRACEPTION – the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by any of various drugs EPIDEMIOLOGIC – of or relating to epidemiologySONOGRAPHY – a diagnostic imaging technique utilizing reflected high-free body sound waves to delineate, measures or examine internal body structures or organs AMNIOCENTESIS – a surgical procedure for obtaining a sample of amniotic sac in the uterus of a pregnant woman by inserting a hallow needle through the abdominal wall, used in diagnosing certain genetic defects or possible obstetric complications PREMATURE BIRTH – the birth of an infant after the period of viability but before full term ABORTIFACIENT – a drug or device used to cause abortionTANSY – any of several composite plants of the genus tanacetum, especially a strong-scented, weedy, old world herb CONTRACEPTIVE – tending or serving to prevent conception or impregnation PESSARY – a device worn in the  v agina to support a displaced uterus. GYNAECOLOGY – the branch of medicine concerned with diseases in women, esp those of the genitourinary tract PERFORATION – a hole, or one of a series of holes, bored or punched through something, as those between individual postage stamps of a sheet to facilitate separation.PENNYROYAL – an aromatic Old world  plant, Mentha pulegium,   of the  mint family, having clusters of small purple flowers  and yielding a pungent essential oil used medicinally and as an insect repellent. MENSTRUAL – of or pertaining to menstruation or to the  menses PHYSICIAN – a person who  is legally qualified to practice medicine; doctor of medicine. EMBRYO – the young of a viviparous animal, especially of a mammal, in the  early stages of development within the womb, in humans up to the end of the second month. Compare fetus.MENSTRUATION – the periodic discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the  uterus, occurring approximately monthly from puberty  to menopause  in nonpregnant women  and females of other primate species. FETUS – the  young of an animal in the womb or egg, especially in the later stages of development when the body structures are in the recognizable form of its kind, in humans after the end of the second month of gestation INVOKED – to call for with earnest desire; make supplication or pray for UNSCRUPULOUS – not scrupulous; unrestrained by scruples; conscienceless; unprincipled.MORBIDITY – the proportion of sickness or of a specific disease in a geographical locality. CHAPTER 2 A. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Abortion is the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability (in human beings, usually about the 20th week of gestation). An abortion may occur spontaneously, in which case it is also called a miscarriage, or it may be brought on purposefully, in which case it is often called an induced a bortion. Spontaneous abortions or miscarriage, may be caused by a number of factors, including disease, trauma, or genetic biochemical incompatibility of mother on fetus.Occasionally a fetus dies in the uterus but fails to be expelled; this condition is termed a missed abortion. Induced abortions may be performed for reasons that fall into four general categories to preserve the life or physical or mental well-being of the mother; to prevent the completion of a pregnancy that has resulted from rape or incest; to prevent the birth of a child with a serious deformity, mental deficiency, or genetic abnormality; or to exercise birth control, that is to keep from having a child for social or economic reasons.Abortions performed for any of the reasons in the first two categories are often termed therapeutic or justifiable abortions. Numerous medical techniques exist for performing abortions. During the first trimester (up to about 12 weeks after conception) eurettage or suction may be use d to contents of the uterus. From 12 to 19 weeks the injection of saline solution may be used to trigger uterine contractions; alternatively, the administration of prostaglandins by injection, suppository, or other method may be used to induce contractions, but these substances may cause severe side effects.Hysterotomy, the surgical removal of the uterine contents, may be used during the second trimester or later. In general, the more advanced the pregnancy the greater the risk of mortality or serious complications following an abortion. (1) TYPES Induced A 10-week-old fetus removed via a therapeutic abortion from a 44-year-old woman diagnosed with early-stage uterine cancer. The uterus (womb), included the fetus. A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in many ways. The manner selected depends chiefly upon the gestational age of the embryo or fetus, which increases in size as the pregnancy progresses.Specific procedures may also be selected due to legality, regional availability, and doctor-patient preference. Reasons for procuring induced abortions are typically characterized as either therapeutic or elective. An abortion is medically referred to as a therapeutic abortion when it is performed to: * save the life of the pregnant woman; * preserve the woman's physical or mental health; * terminate pregnancy that would result in a child born with a congenital disorder that would be fatal or associated with significant morbidity; or * selectively reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks associated with multiple pregnancy.An abortion is referred to as elective when it is performed at the request of the woman â€Å"for reasons other than maternal health or fetal disease. † (2) Spontaneous Spontaneous abortion (also known as miscarriage) is the expulsion of an embryo or fetus due to accidental trauma or natural causes before approximately the 22nd week of gestation; the definition by gestational age varies by country. Most miscarriages are due to incorrect replication of chromosomes; they can also be caused by environmental factors. A pregnancy that ends before 37 weeks of gestation resulting in a live-born infant is known as a â€Å"premature birth†.When a fetus dies in utero after about 22 weeks, or during delivery, it is usually termed â€Å"stillborn†. Premature births and stillbirths are generally not considered to be miscarriages although usage of these terms can sometimes overlap. Between 10% and 50% of pregnancies end in clinically apparent miscarriage, depending upon the age and health of the pregnant woman. Most miscarriages occur very early in pregnancy, in most cases, they occur so early in the pregnancy that the woman is not even aware that she was pregnant. One study testing hormones for ovulation and pregnancy found that 61. % of conceptuses were lost prior to 12 weeks, and 91. 7% of these losses occurred subclinically, without the knowledge of the once pregnant woman. The risk of spontaneous ab ortion decreases sharply after the 10th week from the last menstrual period (LMP). One study of 232 pregnant women showed â€Å"virtually complete [pregnancy loss] by the end of the embryonic period† (10 weeks LMP) with a pregnancy loss rate of only 2 percent after 8. 5 weeks LMP. The most common cause of spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is chromosomal abnormalities of the embryo/fetus, accounting for at least 50% of sampled early pregnancy losses.Other causes include vascular disease (such as lupus), diabetes, other hormonal problems, infection, and abnormalities of the uterus. Advancing maternal age and a patient history of previous spontaneous abortions are the two leading factors associated with a greater risk of spontaneous abortion. [14] A spontaneous abortion can also be caused by accidental trauma; intentional trauma or stress to cause miscarriage is considered induced abortion or feticide. (2) METHODS Medical â€Å"Medical abortions† are non-sur gical abortions that use pharmaceutical drugs. As of 2005, medical abortions constitute 13% of all abortions in the United States.Combined regimens include methotrexate or mifepristone, followed by a prostaglandin (either misoprostol or gemeprost: misoprostol is used in the U. S. ; gemeprost is used in the UK and Sweden. ) When used within 49 days gestation, approximately 92% of women undergoing medical abortion with a combined regimen completed it without surgical intervention. [17] Misoprostol can be used alone, but has a lower efficacy rate than combined regimens. In cases of failure of medical abortion, vacuum or manual aspiration is used to complete the abortion surgically. (3) SurgicalIn the first 12 weeks, suction-aspiration or vacuum abortion is the most common method. [18] Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) abortion consists of removing the fetus or embryo, placenta and membranes by suction using a manual syringe, while electric vacuum aspiration (EVA) abortion uses an electric pump. These techniques are comparable, and differ in the mechanism used to apply suction, how early in pregnancy they can be used, and whether cervical dilation is necessary. MVA, also known as â€Å"mini-suction† and â€Å"menstrual extraction†, can be used in very early pregnancy, and does not require cervical dilation.Surgical techniques are sometimes referred to as ‘Suction (or surgical) Termination Of Pregnancy' (STOP). From the 15th week until approximately the 26th, dilation and evacuation (D;E) is used. D;E consists of opening the cervix of the uterus and emptying it using surgical instruments and suction. Dilation and curettage (D;C), the second most common method of surgical abortion, is a standard gynecological procedure performed for a variety of reasons, including examination of the uterine lining for possible malignancy, investigation of abnormal bleeding, and abortion.Curettage refers to cleaning the walls of the uterus with a curette. The World H ealth Organization recommends this procedure, also called sharp curettage, only when MVA is unavailable. Other techniques must be used to induce abortion in the second trimester. Premature delivery can be induced with prostaglandin; this can be coupled with injecting the amniotic fluid with hypertonic solutions containing saline or urea. After the 16th week of gestation, abortions can be induced by intact dilation and extraction (IDX) (also called intrauterine cranial decompression), which requires surgical decompression of the fetus's head before evacuation.IDX is sometimes called â€Å"partial-birth abortion,† which has been federally banned in the United States. A hysterotomy abortion is a procedure similar to a caesarean section and is performed under general anesthesia. It requires a smaller incision than a caesarean section and is used during later stages of pregnancy. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists has recommended that an injection be used to sto p the fetal heart during the first phase of the surgical abortion procedure to ensure that the fetus is not born alive. (3) Other methods Bas-relief at Angkor Wat, Cambodia, c. 150, depicting a demon inducing an abortion by pounding the abdomen of a pregnant woman with a pestle. Historically, a number of herbs reputed to possess abortifacient properties have been used in folk medicine: tansy, pennyroyal, black cohosh, and the now-extinct silphium (see history of abortion). The use of herbs in such a manner can cause serious—even lethal—side effects, such as multiple organ failure, and is not recommended by physicians. Abortion is sometimes attempted by causing trauma to the abdomen. The degree of force, if severe, can cause serious internal injuries without necessarily succeeding in inducing miscarriage.Both accidental and deliberate abortions of this kind can be subject to criminal liability in many countries. In Southeast Asia, there is an ancient tradition of attemp ting abortion through forceful abdominal massage. One of the bas reliefs decorating the temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia depicts a demon performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the underworld. Reported methods of unsafe, self-induced abortion include misuse of misoprostol, and insertion of non-surgical implements such as knitting needles and clothes hangers into the uterus.These methods are rarely seen in developed countries where surgical abortion is legal and available. (3) ABORTION LAW East Country| To protect woman's life| Physical health| Mental health| Rape| Fetal defects| Socio-economic factors| On request|   Brunei| Yes| No| No| No| No| No| No| Cambodia| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| China| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Hong Kong [9][10]| Yes| 2nd (up to 24 weeks)| 2nd (up to 24 weeks)| 2nd (up to 24 weeks)| 2nd (up to 24 weeks)| No| No|   Indonesia| Yes| No| No| No| No| No| No| Japan (details)| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes (de facto under socio-economic factors)|   People's Dem.Rep. of (North) Korea| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes|   Republic of (South) Korea [11]| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| No| No| No (but illegal abortions, in this regard, are not punished)|   Laos| No| No| No| No| No| No| No| Malaysia| 1st| 1st| 1st| No| No| No| No| Mongolia| Restricted| Restricted| 1st| 1st| 1st| 1st| 1st|   Myanmar| Yes| No| No| No| No| No| No| Philippines (details)| Yes| No| No| No| No| No| No|   Singapore| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| 2nd| Yes| Yes| Thailand| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| No| No| No| Taiwan| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Law is unclear| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| | | | | | | EFFECTS OF ABORTION (ILLEGAL AND LEGAL) The effects of abortion could be either physical or emotional and they will range with each woman who experienced this procedure. It may be difficult to tell beforehand who is at greater or lesser risk for such effects, and the fact that abortion is legal in most places certainly reduces risk of phy sical complication. That being said, there can be complications to this procedure of a physical and emotional nature, and it is wise to understand any possible risk factors. Right after an abortion, women may feel some soreness and cramping.This, and possibly bleeding from the procedure, which is generally no heavier than menstrual bleeding, may last for several weeks. Some women also experience stomach upset that can take the form of vomiting or simply nausea. These tend to be normal after effects of abortion, but if women feel concerned they should contact their doctor or the clinic where the procedure was performed. Sometimes complications do arise after an abortion, though risk of this is low. Women should watch in the first few weeks for signs or very heavy bleeding, fever, severe pain in the pelvis or severe stomach pain.These signs might suggest dangerous infection or hemorrhage and need immediate medical care. In extremely rare instances, death does occur during or after an abortion, but risk of this is about on par with risk of death during childbirth. There are also emotional effects of abortion, which do exist and need to be noted and looked for. Of these, the most significant is the development of postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a risk any time a pregnancy ends, at any stage and no matter how. The body can respond by becoming deeply depressed as pregnancy hormones rapidly fall.What this would suggest for most women seeking an abortion is that they have a strong support system; this could be the help of friends, group support, work with a counselor, or a supportive family. Isolation after an abortion tends to increase risk for serious depression, and the circumstances under which a woman gets an abortion may also make depression more or less likely. Those who feel conflicted about the decision or must keep it secretive may suffer more. (5) Other emotional effects of abortion exist. Some people feel guilt, while others feel relief.Wit hout full-blown post-partum depression, some women may still feel tearful, moody, or simply endure a difficult emotional ride during the first few weeks to several months after abortion. Again, not all women have this experience, but some do. Understanding the effects of abortion allows women to make informed choices. There are strong arguments for and against this procedure, and people on both sides of this issue may frequently hold up one or two of the effects as a reason for or against having an abortion.What is most important is that effects be neither aggrandized nor minimized. It is important for anyone who faces this decision to understand effects clear of taint of a political position. (5) A LIST OF MAJOR PHYSICAL SEQUELAE RELATED TO ABORTION DEATH: The leading causes of abortion related deaths are hemorrhage, infection, embolism, anesthesia, and undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies. Legal abortion is reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death in the United States, tho ugh in fact it is recognized that most abortion related deaths are not officially reported as such. 6) BREAST CANCER: The risk of breast cancer almost doubles after one abortion, and rises even further with two or more abortions. (6) CERVICAL, OVARIAN, AND LIVER CANCER: Women with one abortion face a 2. 3 relative risk of cervical cancer, compared to non-aborted women, and women with two or more abortions face a 4. 92 relative risk. Similar elevated risks of ovarian and liver cancer have also been linked to single and multiple abortions. These increased cancer rates for post-aborted women are apparently linked to the unnatural disruption of the hormonal changes which accompany pregnancy and untreated cervical damage. 6) UTERINE PERFORATION: Between 2 and 3% of all abortion patients may suffer perforation of their uterus, yet most of these injuries will remain undiagnosed and untreated unless laparoscopic visualization is performed. Such an examination may be useful when beginning an abortion malpractice suit. The risk of uterine perforation is increased for women who have previously given birth and for those who receive general anesthesia at the time of the abortion. (6) Uterine damage may result in complications in later pregnancies and may eventually evolve into problems which require a ysterectomy, which itself may result in a number of additional complications and injuries including osteoporosis. (6) CERVICAL LACERATIONS: Significant cervical lacerations requiring sutures occur in at least one percent of first trimester abortions. Lesser lacerations, or micro fractures, which would normally not be treated may also result in long term reproductive damage. Latent post-abortion cervical damage may result in subsequent cervical incompetence, premature delivery, and complications of labor.The risk of cervical damage is greater for teenagers, for second trimester abortions, and when practitioners fail to use laminaria for dilation of the cervix. (6) PLACENTA PRE VIA: Abortion increases the risk of placenta previa in later pregnancies (a life threatening condition for both the mother and her wanted pregnancy) by seven to fifteen fold. Abnormal development of the placenta due to uterine damage increases the risk of fetal malformation, perinatal death, and excessive bleeding during labor. (6)HANDICAPPED NEWBORNS IN LATER PREGNANCIES: Abortion is associated with cervical and uterine damage which may increase the risk of premature delivery, complications of labor and abnormal development of the placenta in later pregnancies. These reproductive complications are the leading causes of handicaps among newborns. (6) ECTOPIC PREGNANCY: Abortion is significantly related to an increased risk of subsequent ectopic pregnancies. Ectopic pregnancies, in turn, are life threatening and may result in reduced fertility. 6) PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID): PID is a potentially life threatening disease which can lead to an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy a nd reduced fertility. Of patients who have a chlamydia infection at the time of the abortion, 23% will develop PID within 4 weeks. Studies have found that 20 to 27% of patients seeking abortion have a chlamydia infection. Approximately 5% of patients who are not infected by chlamydia develop PID within 4 weeks after a first trimester abortion. It is therefore reasonable to expect that abortion providers should screen for and treat such infections prior to an abortion. 6) ENDOMETRITIS: Endometritis is a post-abortion risk for all women, but especially for teenagers, who are 2. 5 times more likely than women 20-29 to acquire endometritis following abortion. (6) IMMEDIATE COMPLICATIONS: Approximately 10% of women undergoing elective abortion will suffer immediate complications, of which approximately one-fifth (2%) are considered life threatening. The nine most common major complications which can occur at the time of an abortion are: infection, excessive bleeding, embolism, ripping or perforation of the uterus, anesthesia complications, convulsions, hemorrhage, cervical injury, and endotoxic shock.The most common â€Å"minor† complications include: infection, bleeding, fever, second degree burns, chronic abdominal pain, vomiting, gastro-intestinal disturbances, and Rh sensitization. (6) INCREASED RISKS FOR WOMEN SEEKING MULTIPLE ABORTIONS: In general, most of the studies cited above reflect risk factors for women who undergo a single abortion. These same studies show that women who have multiple abortions face a much greater risk of experiencing these complications. This point is especially noteworthy since approximately 45% of all abortions are for repeat aborters. 6) INCREASED RISKS FOR TEENAGERS: Teenagers, who account for about 30 percent of all abortions, are also at much high risk of suffering many abortion related complications. This is true of both immediate complications, and of long-term reproductive damage. (6) LOWER GENERAL HEALTH: In a survey of 1428 women researchers found that pregnancy loss, and particularly losses due to induced abortion, was significantly associated with an overall lower health. Multiple abortions correlated to an even lower evaluation of â€Å"present health. While miscarriage was detrimental to health, abortion was found to have a greater correlation to poor health. These findings support previous research which reported that during the year following an abortion women visited their family doctors 80% more for all reasons and 180% more for psychosocial reasons. The authors also found that â€Å"if a partner is present and not supportive, the miscarriage rate is more than double and the abortion rate is four times greater than if he is present and supportive. If the partner is absent the abortion rate is six times greater. (6) INCREASED RISK FOR CONTRIBUTING HEALTH RISK FACTORS: Abortion is significantly linked to behavioral changes such as promiscuity, smoking, drug abuse, and eating disorders which all contribute to increased risks of health problems. For example, promiscuity and abortion are each linked to increased rates of PID and ectopic pregnancies. Which contributes most is unclear, but apportionment may be irrelevant if the promiscuity is itself a reaction to post- abortion trauma or loss of self esteem. (6) ————————————————- 1. AbortionBritannica Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. , 1974-1990 Vol. 1 page 37 1a 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abortion#Types 3. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abortion#Methods 4. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abortion_law#East 5. http://www. wisegeek. com/? what-are-the-effects-abortion. html 6. http://www. abortionfacts. com/reardon/effect_of_abortion. asp CHAPTER 3 A. SUMMARY Abortion is a surgical method for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first 6 months. It has many reasons like because of earl y pregnancy, pregnancy and rape or incest by accident.Women are very careless today because they knew that they can handle it, but they’re wrong. There are two types of abortion, one is spontaneous but also known as miscarriage, it is the expulsion of an embryo or fetus due to accidental trauma or natural causes before approximately the 22nd week of gestation. The other one is induced abortion, is a therapeutic abortion, it is performed when the mother was raped and to preserve the life of physical or mental well-being of the mother. There are two methods of abortion.One is the medical method, they use pharmaceutical drugs so that the womb will be aborted. The other one is the surgical procedure, they use the suction aspiration or they will suck the blood or the embryo so that the fetus is smashed and can not live anymore. In the Philippines, many use medical but sometimes they do not use it because you will go to the hospital and then you will buy expensive drugs. Sometimes Filipinas who abort their child uses the procedure of sucking them but not doing it in the right place, right time and right medical instruments.The procedure they used is very illegal here in the Philippines and especially very dangerous especially to the woman who is carrying the child, it is prohibited against the law in our country. Sometimes woman who aborted their child when it was just a fetus, they just leave it in the trash bags and throw it away in the river and creeks. Here are some effects of illegal abortion: DEATH- many women die because of hemorrhage, infection, embolish, anesthesia and undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies. BREAST CANCER- the risk of breast cancer almost double after one abortion and rises even further with two or more abortions.UTERINE PERFORATION- all abortion patients may suffer perforation or their uterus, yet most of these injuries will remain undiagnosed and untreated unless laparoscopic visualization is performed. CERVICAL LACERATIONS- significant l acerations requiring structures occur on at least one percent of 1st trimester abortions. PLACENTA PREVIA- Abortion increases the risk of placenta previa in later pregnancies (a life threatening condition for both the mother and her wanted pregnancy) by seven to fifteen fold.Abnormal development of the placenta due to uterine damage increases the risk of fetal malformation, perinatal death, and excessive bleeding during labor. ECTOPIC PREGNANCY- are life threatening and may result in reduced fertility. ENDOMETRITIS- is a post-abortion risk for all women, but especially for teenagers. B. CONCLUSION Many women die everyday because of illegal abortion. Many babies too die because of abortion. I therefore conclude that any types and even the methods of abortion is illegal and bad because you are killing many human lives even if it is not yet living but still it is not right.Many effects of abortion may lead to infections or even death. In the Philippines many cases were listed about abo rtion that were illegal and many of them were not yet observe and the other cases were disapproved and been canceled. Women who had just done abortion just put their fetuses in the trash and just throw them away and never think about the life of the beings. C. RECOMMENDATION I recommend to the readers of this research paper is never use abortion because it is illegal and can lead many women to death.Killing a human being is never the answer to the problem of rape or early pregnancy because that is a gift from God and we should treasure it. If you don’t want to become pregnant you should take care of yourself. CHAPTER 4 A. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abortion#History Abortion Britannica Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. , 1974-1990 Vol. 1 page 37 1a http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abortion#Types http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abortion#Methods http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abortion_law#East http://www. wisegeek. com/? what-are-the-effects-abortion. html http://www. bortionfacts. com/reardon/effect_of_abortion. asp http://www. chritianet. com/abortionfacts/historybackgroundofabortion. htm B. SAMPLE SURVEY NAME:__________________________ DATE:____________________ AGE:________ GENDER:_________________ DIRECTIONS: Check the box if your answer to the following questions is YES or NO. QUESTIONS| YES| NO| 1. Do you have knowledge about abortion? | | | 2. Are you aware of the abortion law? | | | 3. Do you agree about abortion? | | | 4.Do you agree that abortion should be illegal? | | | 5. Do you agree that abortion should be legal? | | | 6. Do you know someone that used abortion? | | | C. PERMIT Ramon Magsaysay (Cubao) High School Ermin Garcia St. Cor. EDSA Cubao, Quezon City Dr. Josefina T. Perlado Principal Ramon Magsaysay (Cubao) High School Ermin Garcia St. Cor. EDSA Cubao, Q. C Dear Madam, I would like to request from your good office to allow me to conduct a survey for the purpose of my research entitled â€Å"Effects of Illegal Ab ortion† of school year 2010-2011. This is in compliance with the requirements in English IV.Rest assured that the data would be treated with confidentially. Thank you very much! Respectfully Yours, __________________________ Rowena Louise V. Eustaquio Researcher Noted by: __________________ Ms. Rivera D. CURRICULUM VITAE NAME: Rowena Louise V. Eustaquio ADDRESS: 184 Ermin Garcia St. Cubao Quezon City BIRTH DATE: May 3, 1995 BIRTH PLACE: Marikina City CONTACT #: 09359623977 GENDER: Female CIVIL STATUS: Single CITIZENSHIP: Filipino RELIGION: Roman Cathoic MOTHER’S NAME: Lynn Anne V. Eustaquio OCCUPATION: Call Center ManagerFATHER’S NAME: Raul M. Eustaquio OCCUPATION: n/a SIBLINGS: 1. Lee Randolph V. Eustaquio 2. Liam Romeo v. Eustaquio 3. Regina Lorraine V. Eustaquio EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND: ELEMENTARY ADDRESS SCHOOL YEAR Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Elementary School Ermin Garcia St. 2001-2007 Cubao Q. C HIGH SCHOOL ADDRESS SCHOOL YEAR Ramon Magsaysay (Cubao) HS Ermin Ga rcia St. Cor 2007-2011 EDSA Cubao Q. C